Objective: Postanesthetic emergence Agitation is a common problem in pediatric postanesthetic care unit with an incidence ranging from 10 to 80%. This study was done to determine the prevalence of emergence Agitation and associated risk factors in pediatric patients who underwent general anesthesia.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study was performed on 747 pediatric patients aged 3-7 years that underwent general anesthesia for various elective surgeries at Bou-Ali Sina Hospital in Sari, Iran between January 2010 and January 2011. A non-probability quota sampling technique was used. The presence of emergence Agitation was recorded using Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. The factors linked with Emergence Agitation were recorded in a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software 16 and independent sample t-test, X2 and binary logistic regression. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant.Findings: One hundred thirty-four (17.9%) children had emergence Agitation. The most frequent surgical procedures were ENT surgical procedures 315 (42.2%), abdominal surgery 177 (23.7%), orthopedic surgery 137 (18.3%), urology 97 (13%) and ophthalmic surgery 24 (3.2%). Otorhinolaryngological surgical procedures (P=0.001), pain (P<0.05) and induction behavior of children (P<0.005) were associated with higher rates of post anesthetic emergence Agitation (P=0.001).Conclusion: This study identified the multiple independent risk factors which are associated with emergence Agitation in children. To minimize the incidence of postanesthetic emergence Agitation, these risk factors should be considered in the routine care by care providers in postanesthetic care unit.

Emergence Agitation that has been first described by Eckenhoff et al. in 1960’s is a dissociated state of consciousness in which the child is inconsolable, irritable, uncooperative, typically thrashing, crying, moaning or incoherent. It is also a common problem in pediatric postanesthetic care unit with an incidence ranging from 10 to 80%. This literature review focused on presence of Emergence Agitation and contributing factors in children under general anaesthesia. It was conducted on Medline in PubMed area, Alta Vista Data bases, CINHAL and Google scholar in January 2013 for publications written in English with the following key words: “Emergence Agitation, Etiology, Treatment, Pediatric Anaesthesia, Postanesthetic Care Unit, Children, inhaled anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics and Post Anesthetic Emergence Delirium”. In this paper, we intend to review the factors contributing postanesthetic emergence Agitation in children to improve our vision in this area.

In this study preliminary laboratory test work to identify the relative Agitation leaching response to cyanidation and thiourea leaching of an oxidized ore have been carried out. The ore deposits of Neishaboor area with gold grade of 4ppm are rich enough for beneficiation studies.The characterization studies show that, the ore is oxidized and gold is present partly in the form of solution in quartz veins as well as in the form of free particles in iron hydroxide specially hematite which is the product of pyrite oxidation. Quartz, hematite, calcite and feldspar are the main minerals present in the order of abundances. Sieve analysis and distribution of gold particles in different sieve fractions shows gold particles are distributed bellow 2000 microns.Based on characterization studies, the potential of an alternative lixiviant like thiourea and cyanide leach have been determined and found that under optimized conditions thiourea leaching of the ore performs (extraction of 96.7% after 16 hours) better than cyanide leaching (extraction of 47.3 after 16 hours).

Introduction: Patients following mechanical ventilation go down to Agitation due to anxiety, stress and stimulation of tracheal tube, that may be treat in doing of mechanical ventilation processes and can be create dyspnea, confusion and inability.Control of Agitation with drug and physical restrictions have much unpleasant complication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of touch on Agitation in patients under mechanical ventilation.Materials and Methods: The semi-experimental research was performed in a general intensive cares unit in a hospital in Tehran in 2011. The data collection tools were including demographic questionnaire, Glasgow coma scale and Richmond Agitation score scale. 35 consciousness patients under mechanical ventilation with 30-60 years old and acute respiratory problems were investigated. Firstly, the patient’s Agitation was evaluated and then intervention performed in two ways: (a) with standing and touching patient's wrist and (b) with standing without touching of patient's wrist.Results: From 35 patients, 21 (60%) and 14 (40%) were respectively men and female. Minimum and maximum age was respectively 35 and 60 years. Most of the patients were ranged in the age group of 50 years or more (57.1%) and then 40 to 49 years group (17.2%) and 25.7% of the patients were under 40 years old. In standing without touching patient’s wrist intervention, Agitation scores before and after intervention had no significant difference (P=0.592), while as, with standing and touching patient's wrist intervention this difference was significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: According to the results of this study, touch is effective on Agitation in patients under mechanical ventilation. Therefore, touch is recommended as safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions in controlling Agitation in the field of independent nursing jobs.