Introduction: There are about two millions of wounds caused by mammal biting annually. In our country, the current trend in the increasing cases of people bitten by Animals remains of prime importance from sanitary-economic point of view. This study was carried out by determining and specifying the registered cases of Animal biting for the last 3 years. The cases had referred to an anti rabies clinic in Mashhad. The present study tends to find out a more precise distribution rate of the disease in order to be able to have more efficacious plans and control in the community.Materials and Methods: Initially, all the files reflecting information about the patients who had referred to the anti-rabies clinic located in No. 2 Healthcare Center of Mashhad. The cases were studied separately for each year; i.e. the years of 1385 through 1387 HS. Then, based on the required data gathered. Distributive tables were made for each year. Results: According to the findings of the study, 3809, 3294 and 3535 cases were bitten by Animals in different regions in Mashhad during the years of 1385, 1386 and 1387, respectively. The percentage of bitten cases aging in a range of 10-19 years old was more than the incidents in the other groups. Also, the number of bitten males was more than the bitten females. In addition, it was found that the quantity of biting cases in urban areas was more than those in the rural regions. The findings also indicate that the amount of cases that received partial treatment was more than those who had complete treatments. Furthermore, most of the cases were bitten by dogs and the upper and the lower limbs were the most affected parts of the body. Conclusion: During warm seasons, young males are at risk of biting.  After the incident, washing the wound with water and soap as well as rabies vaccination are recommended.

This study was carried out in the hope of proposing the most effective strategy for translation of personification in general and Animal personification in particular. In doing so, a list of Animals in Orwell's Animal Farm was made since the study of all Animal personifications was not feasible. Then a comparison between the personifying characteristics of these Animals in English and Persian was also made. The results showed that there are some differences between Animal personification in English and Persian. This requires specific translation strategies which are proposed in the article.

More than 27 sheep breeds graze on Iran's rangelands. For estimation of grazing capacity in each region it is necessary to determine Animal requirement based on forage quality and Animal unit weight of dominant sheep breed. In present study Animal unit weight of Sangsary breed was investigated. Two herds were selected. Fourty head Animals including 15 three and 15 four years' old ewes, 5 three and 5 four years old rams were weighed in lowlands. Weight of Animal unit was 36.98 kg and Animal unit equivalent for rams, 6 and 3 month old lambs obtained 1.31, 0.64, 0.42 respectively. Two season winter and summer, sex of Animals (ewes and rams) and two herds were significantly differed (p<0.05). For determination of forage quality 5 samples that each was made from 5 individual plants collected. Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility and metabolisable energy were estimated for 6 species from highland and 12 species from lowlands. According Tukey test forage quality significantly differed between species (p<0.05). This showes that Animal requirement should be determined based on forage quality of available forage to Animals. Requirement of Animal grazing on rangeland is more than house keeping Animals. So in this research considering environmental conditions and distances that Animal had to walk everyday %50 was added to Animal requirement calculated using either NRC tables or MAFF equation. The result showed that Animal requirement in highland and lowland based on NRC tables were 1.00 and 1,04 kg and according to MAFF eqution were  0.90 and 0.92 kg dry matter respectively.

Background. The study aimed to compare the results of cytotoxicity and in vivo irritation and sensitization tests of a new antler-derived bone substitute with those of a bovine-derived xenograft. Methods. This study included an in vitro cytotoxicity test based on ISO 10993‐5 standard. Additionally, in vivo irritation and sensitization tests were carried out according to ISO 10993-10 standard protocol. Results. The cytotoxicity test showed a viability of 99. 46±1. 09% for the antler-derived bone substitute and 98. 42±1. 84% for the bovine xenograft (P=0. 445). Furthermore, after 24 hours, no differences in morphological grade were found in both samples. The irritation test indicated a primary irritation index (PII) score of 0 for both the antler and bovine xenografts. Likewise, the sensitization test demonstrated a sensitization score of 0 for both the antler and bovine xenografts. All Animals appeared clinically normal throughout the study in both in vivo tests, and all sites of the test extract and the reagent control seemed normal. Conclusion. Both the antler-derived and bovine xenografts were found to be non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing. Further studies should be conducted on other essential laboratory tests and Animal and clinical studies.

In this article, we review Animal models of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Models of type I diabetes are discussed in two parts, genetic and chemical. Models of type 2 diabetes are discussed in four parts - rat and mouse models, dietary induction, and selective breeding. Models are assessed regarding metabolic disturbances, the condition of the pancreas, long-term complications, and research benefits.