Tree is one of the manifestations of nature that has been widely noticed and even worshiped by humans throughout the history. The main issue of this research is the sanctity of some trees in Baluchistan of Iran and the philosophy of this sanctity. Due to some of its features such as longevity, verticality and life cycle, the trees have been symbols of existence, immortality and manifestation of power and resurrection. The trees with the most reflection of these features seem to be more mysterious and astonishing and have caused human humility and reverence. There have been many cases of these old trees in Baluchistan where people have invoked them for their needs and made nazrs and sacrifices for their satisfaction. The most important factors in the sanctity of these trees are the belief in the relationship between towering trees and the world in which their destinies are determined, and the expectation of meeting needs that could not be met in normal conditions. Therefore, people make sacrifices or nazrs at the bottom of these trees and invoke them to achieve their goals by stimulating and influencing them. This article has been prepared using written sources, field research and talking to the old people of this region, and its purpose is to investigate the religious background of the people who once lived in this region and the sacred trees played a prominent role in their religious life and decisive moments.

Nowadays, Security and development cannot exist without each other, i.e. without security, operations of development and investment, welfare, promotion of culture and economic level will be impossible; and if there is no development, there will be no sustainable security. If security becomes realized with military, disciplinary and/or intelligence power, it will be very fragile. Thus, development complements security in order to create sustainable and public security, but if security is provided at any region without considering geographical elements, such security will undoubtedly not be completed and be ruined with the smallest crisis. In fact, geography is a metaphor of politics, and many decisions taken by politicians have been made according to the geographical conditions and are based on geographical status of their countries. To put it better, political decisions are made in a geographical environment and a picture of political units is therefore provided by geographers. No politician has been able to come up with desirable and suitable solutions in the face of global, regional and/or local issues without enjoying an overview of geopolitics. This more applies to Iran, which has special, unique geographical conditions (particularly in the southeastern region). As a matter of fact, any security and disciplinary strategy adopted at this region without taking into account geographical elements will prove inefficient. This paper examines and assesses three hypotheses, and the intended data have been gathered using library research and analyzed with the descriptive-analytical method.

Background and Objectives: Factor XIII deficiency is one of the rarest bleeding disorders with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1-3 million in the general population. The main clinical manifestations of the disease are delayed wound bleeding, recurrent miscarriage, intracranial bleeding, and umbilical cord bleeding. The prevalence of the disease in the regions such as Sistan and Baluchistan with consanguinity marriages is higher. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnosis and treatment of factor XIII deficiency in Sistan and Baluchistan province.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 205 patients with the severe factor XIII deficiency. The diagnosis of the disease was done by a wide spectrum of characteristics including family history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, clot solubility in 5 M urea or monochloroacetic acid 1% environments.Results: It seems that Khash city has the highest prevalence of the disease worldwide. The molecular analysis of the patients showed that an identical homozygote mutation TGG®CGG at codon 187 in exon 4 of catalytic A subunit is responsible of this deficiency. The common manifestations of the disease at time of diagnosis were umbilical bleeding (84.4%), deep soft tissue haematoma (54.4%), and less frequently gum bleeding and finally ecchymosis.Conclusions: It seems that Sistan and Baluchistan province has the highest prevalence of factor XIII deficiency worldwide with a dramatic increase of 46 cases in 2008 to 205 patients in 2012 that alarmed the absence of a screening test in this region.

The process of reform in the time of the second parliament (November 15, 1909 – December 24, 1911), which resulted in inviting Morgan Shuster for financial improvements in the late Qajar era, represented the controversy between tradition and modernism in Iran. Many factors were against the process of change in Iran and could lead to social crises. Actually, the implementation of fundamental reforms was very problematic, regarding the specific social model of Iran, and the resistance of the traditional forces. This research, which is based on archival documents and historical sources, seeks to answer these questions: what were the main powers against Shuster's measures, and what were their motivations? The hypothesis was that the challenge between tradition and modernism was very influential; but the research findings demonstrate that in addition to traditional domestic factors such as princes, courtiers, landlords, and. . ., who generally opposed any changes, foreign forces of Russia and Britain were among the main opponents as well.

Qanat, the main source of water supply for Saravan, has become a national identity and one of the important values in the lives of the people of the region, with which the social and cultural relationship has grown. According to surveys, there is a close relationship between the Qanat and society, and it has created special rituals and beliefs that have become an important part of the region's culture. In Saravan, for example, some people believe that the construction of a Qanat is the work of jinn and that humans are incapable of constructing such a trick. This belief is so strong among the natives that even the Qanat diggers believe that the original Qanats were created by jinns and that people learned from them. This study attempted to investigate the effect of the Qanat on various aspects of Saravan's socio-cultural structure, as well as the beliefs and rituals that arose as a result of it. In the terms of nature and method, this research is descriptive-historical and the data are gathered from the library and the field (conversation with native Qanat diggers and elderly people). The findings, which include beliefs and rituals, demonstrate that the social existence of the people in Saravan is dependent on the existence of the Qanats, which has an important place in Saravan society and its historical anthropology. Based on the discussions, it was discovered that the beliefs and rituals were not written down but were passed down orally to future generations, and library studies revealed that some beliefs of the Saravan people about the Qanat are similar to those of people in other parts of the country, particularly Yazd province.

The more exposure to Climate change / variability, the more vulnerability and a community with low adaptive capacity and high sensitivity is more vulnerable. Vulnerability reduction depends on adaptation policy and strategies. Designing and assessing these strategies require climate vulnerability (CV) measuring. To produce a new CV index, as a main propose of this study, first: The score of exposure factor for two five span years was calculated based on four synoptic stations data (Zabol, Zahedan, Iranshahr and Chabahar). Second: The scores of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity were determined using all of the country census and yearbook data for 1385 and 1390. Third: Due to the nature and factors of vulnerability, a climate vulnerability index was developed based on the multiplicative-exponential model (CVIMEM). Forth: The index was calculated for the province and sub regions. The result shows, although the Sistan and Baluchistan (SB) adaptation capacity was increased, but because of the increased exposure and sensitivity, this province is 16.3% more vulnerable. Area with very high vulnerability label expanded from 57.5% to 100%, which reflects the spatial expansion of vulnerability over SB. The overall result is that vulnerability reduction needs for accurate and continuous measurement, on the increase adaptation capacity and mitigate climate sensitivity.

Structural design for seismic excitation is usually based on peak values of forces and deformations over the duration of earthquake. In determining these peak values dynamic analysis is done which requires either response history analysis (RHA), also called time history analysis, or response spectrum analysis (RSA), both of which depend upon ground motion severity. In the past, PGA has been used to describe ground motion severity, because seismic force on a rigid body is proportional to the ground acceleration. However, it has been pointed out that single highest peak on accelerograms is a very unreliable description of the accelerograms as a whole. In this study, we are considering 0.2- and 1-s spectral acceleration. Seismic loading has been defined in terms of design spectrum and time history which will lead us to two methods of dynamic analysis. Design spectrum for Quetta will be constructed incorporating the parameters of ASCE 7-05/IBC 2006/2009, which is being used by modern codes and regulation of the world like IBC 2006/2009, ASCE 7-05, ATC-40, FEMA-356 and others. A suite of time history representing design earthquake will also be prepared, this will be a helpful tool to carryout time history dynamic analysis of structures in Quetta.

Single-headed households are more vulnerable than other households. The aim of this study was to determine problems of female-headed households in sistan Baluchistan province in 2010. This research was cross-sectional study. The study population included all women who were heads of households living in the province of Sistan Baluchistan referred to Welfare organization, Committee Emdad and health Care centers of Sistan Baluchistan province. Data collected by self administrative questionnaire and interview method. The content validity and its reliability were confirmed using equivalent forms. Questionnaires were distributed by Basij Center of Women in Iranshahr between mentioned centers in different parts of province. Data analyzed by SPSS-16. The Mean of women age was 40.5±12.6 and mean of children number was 4.0±2.5. Also, 58.5% of women were female-headed households, 38.3% of them had inappropriate heads and others were self-head. 83.1% had income less than 3000 thousand Rials monthly and 69.6% of women were under support of insurance organizations. The children in 57%of families were deprived from education and 43.6% of children had behavioral problems. Results of this study showed female-headed households are extremely vulnerable and face many problems. To address and consider the problems of mentioned families is important task of government, organizations and responsible people.

Achieving political development requires the political participation of social groups in society, particularly women's political participation. In any society the fulfillment of proper participation of women in policy making is hindered by specific obstacles. Accordingly, in the present study, attempts have been made to examine the barriers of political participation of women in the Baluchistan region by means of institutionalization and qualitative techniques; qualitative interviews with elitses in Baluchestan provided themes for researchers to specify condition of political participation of women among the Baluch. Findings in the present study state that barriers of political participation of women can be considered from two aspects. First, the way official institution looks at women, second, the culture of Baluchestan people. The results suggest that the main obstacles are informal or intangible institutions, such as fathers or patriarchal culture, and some religious beliefs, which, on the one hand, are the causes of women's poor selflsteem in political activities. On the other hand, legal and formal institutions appear to reflect the less formal institutions that have undergone some kind of institutional process. Nevertheless, participatory institutions such as Islamic councils of the city and village have been able to effectively reduce the influence of informal institutions on gradual political participation of Baloch women.