Polyurethanes are one of the most important multifunctional polymers that are widely used in the manufacture of hard and soft foams, adhesives, coatings, films and other products. Polyurethanes are usually synthesized by the reaction between isocyanates and polyols. However, concerns over declining oil resources, environmental pollution, and the price of oil-based materials have led to significant efforts to develop polyurethanes and polyols from Biorenewable sources, especially in the adhesive and coating industries. In the present study, a wide ranges of vegetable oils used in the preparation of polyurethanes are reviewed and the chemical structures and synthesis methods of polyol, polyisocyanates and Bio-based polyurethanes from vegetable oils are investigated. Then the properties of adhesives and coatings based on Biomaterials are disscussed and compared with the properties of commercial adhesives. Studies show that the type of vegetable oil, NCO / OH ratio, flexibility and the presence of other additives are the most important parameters that affects the performance of polyurethane adhesives and coatings.

Background: Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is one of the effective and predictable surgical procedures for treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. The present study aimed to clinically evaluate and compare the efficacy of Amnion Membrane (AM) +Bio-Oss and Bio-Gide+Bio-Oss in GTR treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.Methods: In this study, chronic periodontitis patients who need periodontal regenerative surgery received phase I of periodontal treatment. After 1 month follow up, 10 patients with bilateral intrabony defects and radiographic evidence of intrabony component of ³ 4 mm and probing depth ³ 6 mm were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was treated by placement of AM+Bio-Oss, while the control group was managed by placement of Bio-Gide+Bio-Oss. Clinical parameters, including Periodontal Pocket Depth (PPD), Probing Bone (PB) level, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and gingival recession (REC), were recorded at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. Then, the data were analyzed using T-test.Results: A significant difference was observed regarding CAL, PB, and PPD after 6 months compared to before the surgery. In addition, significant changes were observed regarding CAL, PB, PPD, and REC in the control group. However, the mean changes in CAL, PB, and PPD before and after the surgery was not significant between the two groups. Yet, a significant increase was found in REC in the control group compared to the experimental group (P=0.009).Conclusion: Both AM and Bio-Gide in conjunction with Bio-Oss resulted in improvement of the clinical periodontal parameters. According to the results, AM did not induce any significant gingival recession. Thus, AM is recommended as a new barrier membrane in GTR treatment.

Inertial Navigation System (INS) is one of the navigation systems widely used in various land-based, aerial, and marine applications. Among all types of INS, Microelectromechanical System (MEMS)-based INS can be widely utilized, owing to their low cost, lightweight, and small size. However, due to the manufacturing technology, MEMS-based INS suffers from deterministic and stochastic errors, which increase positioning errors over time. In this paper, a new effective noise reduction method is proposed that can provide more accurate outputs of MEMS-based inertial sensors. The intelligent method in this paper is a combined denoising method that combines Wavelet Transform (WT), Permutation Entropy (PE), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Firstly, WT is employed to obtain a time-frequency representation of raw data. Secondly, a four-element feature vector is formed. These four features are (1) amplitude of frequency, (2) its ratio to mean of amplitudes of all frequencies, (3) location of frequency in time-frequency representation, and (4) judgment on behaviors of frequency that is obtained by utilizing PE. Thirdly, based on the feature vector, the GA-SVR algorithm predicts amplitudes of all frequencies in the time-frequency representation of the denoised signal. Finally, by employing inverse WT the denoised signal is obtained. In this work, the outputs of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in ADIS16407 sensor, as a low-cost and MEMS-based INS, have been utilized for data collection. The proposed method has been compared with other noise reduction methods and the achieved results verify superior improvement than other methods.

Carbon nanoflakes were fabricated from domestic waste tea leaves as a Bio-alternative source of carbon in one step. The fabricated nanoflakes based-carbon were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infra-red, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis was investigated to examine the thermal stability of the products. The morphology of the products showed the observation of carbon-flakes nanomaterials having thin graphitic outer mono shells with a diameter of about 35 nm and different monolith sizes of about 15 to 180 nm. The as-obtained materials demonstrated good thermal stability with a yield of 48% due to the high temperature used in the deposition stage. The fabrication showed that the temperature range of the deposition step in addition to the cooling step plays a major role in the nanoflakes formation.

Due to environmental concerns and considering the petroleum resources, the Bio-based materials have recently attracted more attention both in academia and industries. In addition to environmental sustainability and renewability, the Bio-based adhesives have shown some competing advantages with respect to fossil-based products. This article covers the advantages and challenges of Bio-based adhesives. The main advantages of Bio-based adhesives include their less greenhouse gas emission, lower volatile organic compounds (VOC), lower environmental and human toxicity. The Bio-based adhesives show higher tendency to Biodegradability, which may be considered as their strong aspect compared to fossil-based resources. The Bio-based materials may be incorporated in adhesive formulation through direct usage of Biopolymer, in the form of building blocks and/or reactive monomer, and in the form of adhesive formulation additives. In Bio-based adhesives, the pioneering technologies belong to fabrication of paper and different wooden products using starch and/or protein-based adhesives. The main goal was to remove as much as possible the harmful emitting formaldehyde gases during fabrication and product service life. The modification of Bio-resource materials through introduction of new functionalities in the molecular architecture may bring some specific properties. There are many reports on the effect of various vegetable oils on the improved hydrophobicity in epoxy and polyurethane adhesives. The Bio-based vegetable oils and cashew nut shell liquids now have acquired reliable position in adhesive and coating market. Recent investigations on some specific Bio-resource structures such as lignin and tannin with complex structures have shown promising results for the improved thermal and antibacterial activities in adhesive formulation. In order to make a strong decision on the effectiveness of the Bio-based adhesives, much investigations on different Biological/economical aspects of Bio-based materials are needed to achieve this goal.

Background and Aim: Several different graft materials, e.g. autologous, allografts, alloplasts or xenografts have been used to preserve or reconstruct the ridge anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate histologically and histomorphometrically experimental defects that grafted with Bio-Gen and Bio-oss and influence of local delivery of Alendronate with graft materials on bone formation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study did in 5 dog’s tibia, 7 round intrabony defects, 6 mm in diameter and approximately 4 mm in depth were made with trephine bur, each defect in each tibia filled randomly with following groups: 1) Bio-Gen (Bio-teck)+BCG membrane, 2) BBM (Bio-Oss)+Bio-gide membrane, 3) Bio-Gen+alendronate+BCG membrane, 4) Bio-oss+alendronate+Bio-gide membrane, 5) BCG membrane, 6) Bio-gide membrane, 7) Control (empty). Animals developed euthanized after 3 months. Immediately after euthanasia the tibia bones were dissected out and the proximal part of the tibias containing the defects were removed in blocks and prepared for Histologic and Histomorphometric evaluation. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey procedures. P-values were less than 0.05.Results: Newly formed bone was well evident in all of the defects inflammatory cells were less than 10% in all of them. The mean percentage of new bone in these 4 groups (with grafted materials) was higher than the other ones (with membrane and without grafted materials) and control groups (p<0.05). There is no statistical different between Bio-Oss and Bio-Gen groups (with or without alendronate) in vital bone percentages.Conclusion: Application of single dose alendronate combination with Bio-oss or Bio-Gen granules doesn’t improves bone formation. Bio-Gen granules are considered an osteoconductive graft material suitable for regeneration of bone.

The Bio-based shape memory hyperbranched polyurethanes (HBPUs) have attracted tremendous attention both from academic and industrial researchers due to their strong potential in Biomedical and other advanced applications. In the present investigation HBPUs have been synthesized from poly (e-caprolactone) diol as a macroglycol, butanediol as a chain extender, triethanolamine as a branch generating moiety, monoglyceride of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil as a Bio-based chain extender, at different percentages and toluene diisocyanate by a two step one pot A2+B3 approach. The structure of the synthesized hyperbranched polyurethane was characterized by FTIR, IH NMR, XRD and SEM studies.1H NMR study indicates the formation of highly branched structure with degree of branching 0.93 for polyurethane with 5 wt% monoglyceride. TGA results indicated the increment of thermal stability from 185 to 240oC with the increase of monoglyceride content from (0–15) wt% for the HBPUs. The shape memory effect of the hyperbranched polyurethane increased with the increase of monoglyceride in the polymer. However, mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break decreased from 19.31 to 11.48 MPa and 835 to 497%, respectively, with the increase in amount of Bio-based component. Excellent impact strength and very good chemical resistance were also observed for the hyperbranched polymers. The studied Bio-based HBPUs exhibit excellent shape fixity (95–99)% as well as shape recovery 100%. Thus, the studied HBPUs have the potential to be used as advanced shape memory materials.