The purpose of this study was to narrate experiences and effects of Veteran women (Janbaz) on chemical Bombing in Sardasht. The theoretical lens of women's gender schema and the culture and gender identity of the Kurds was used to study the effects and consequences of war. Research participants are all veterans of Sardasht city during the years 1366-1397. The sampling method was purposive and 15 individuals were interviewed until theoretical saturation. By collecting data, reviewing the transcripts of the interviews, comparing them sequentially, the narrative of the experiences of chemical women in Sardasht was finally analyzed in three situations: pre-war experience, time of chemical event, and end of war. In the first position titled "Women on the Verge of War": Veteran women of Sardasht lived their daily lives in a border town full of fear and hope in the days of war. In the second position: "Chemical women on the battlefield": At this stage, the women of Sardasht are unintentionally involved in the battlefield after the chemical Bombing. The third position, "The Feminine Face of War, " marks the end of the narrative of women's experiences of war. This phase continues as a departure from the chemical event and the end of the war to the boundary near everyday life. Overall, the role of women in the war cannot be understood as a passive role for women, since they were actively assisting and rescuing other victims, both relatives and non-combatants, during the Bombing. In fact, their struggle and resistance were not focused on their own survival, but trying to survive the others. They also gave a special priority to those around them.

Iran’ s legislative system does not deal with criminalization of Bombings explicitly and comprehensively. Only a few laws explicitly mention “ placing explosives” in some industries. Iran’ s legal system does not deal with criminalization of Bombings explicitly and comprehensively. Only a few laws explicitly mention “ placing explosives” in some industries. However, committing this criminal phenomenon in relation to other industries, devices and facilities used by the public and the environment is not subject to coherent laws. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to analyze the approach of the current Iranian laws to Bombing and to explain the relationship between the concept and examples of waging war against God, war against God and the state, enmity against God (Muharebeh) and corruption on earth or spreading corruption on Earth (Ifsad fi 'l-ard) and transgression and rebel or armed uprising against the government and the basis of the Islam with Bombing (Baghi). Due to the lack of legislation in this regard, there are reasons such as the criminal capability of the bomb as a criminal device, the necessity of prosecute Bombing attempt, coherence in the rules of destruction and criminal arson and full protection of all industries, energy resources and the environment, clarify the need for independent criminalization in this regard. The new penal policy can design a reasonable and appropriate punishment system by separating the types of Bombings based on the type of bomb, the subject of the crime and the characteristics of the perpetrator, and the time and place conditions.

White phosphorus, a chemical compound with highly flammable and smoke-generating properties, is extensively used in military weaponry. Consequently, this substance is regarded as very dangerous. The risk of harm or fatality resulting from contact with WP is heightened when it is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by the skin. There is a correlation between this risk and the probability of mortality. This research thoroughly investigates the possible ramifications of being exposed to WP, including systemic toxicity and deep tissue burns. The text covers the process of igniting, the generation of dense smoke with a characteristic garlicky aroma, and associated subjects. Performing laboratory tests, including measuring creatinine, potassium, calcium, serum phosphorus levels, and liver enzymes and conducting blood gas analysis, is essential for accurately diagnosing phosphorus poisoning based on the patient's symptoms. Promptly extracting the individual exposed from the origin of contamination, cleansing the impacted skin or injuries with frigid water or a saline solution, and cautiously managing phosphorus particles to avert more igniting are all crucial elements of immediate post-exposure treatment. It is essential to see an ophthalmologist promptly upon detecting any indications of an eye injury and to wash the area thoroughly with water or a saline solution. Immediate medical intervention is necessary to carry out a thorough assessment and treatment. The Israel Defense Forces' use of white phosphorous in densely populated areas of Gaza throughout the war raises significant moral and humanitarian concerns. Exposure to WP poses a considerable danger to workers because of its pyrotechnic and smoke-generating properties, which may lead to systemic poisoning and significant tissue damage. This article examines the use of White Phosphorus by the Israel Defense Forces, elucidating the challenges in preventing injury and the possible consequences for innocent bystanders. The use of WP serves as evidence of the very intricate ethical dilemmas associated with the deployment of chemical weapons in modern warfare. Enhanced understanding and accountability in executing military operations are necessitated as a consequence.

Electromagnetic bombs use a powerful electromagnetic pulse to destroy the target. When using this kind of bombs, due to presence of strong magnetic flux, high voltages and currents appear on the transmission lines, which are harmful and destructive for all kinds of electrical and electronic equipment. In this paper a new algorithm is introduced with which robustness of electrical network and its electrical components are preserved in a possible electromagnetic attack.In this work, that used from Time-Based Improved Equal Area Criterion (TBIEAC) idea, it is assumed that protective relays of transmission lines are able to detect the over currents and send commands to circuit breakers for disconnecting related lines. Here, with the use of presented algorithm, fast power swings are scrutinized. Based on the results obtained, a decision is made to identify if the specified generator is subjected to a loss of synchronism or not.The simulation results show that the proposed method has higher response and precision compared with the previous methods.

Background: The study aims to explore suicide Bombing attack as a media event and extends it to suicide Bombing attacks carried out in the South-East of Iran. Methodology: The present work is an ideographic qualitative study, which has been designed based on the communicative model of Suicide Bombing Attack as a Media Event and examines encoding process of militant Jundallah group, an Iranian extremist Sunni group, in its suicide Bombing attacks. Qualitative contextual thematic analysis was applied on the group statements to understand concepts and meanings of its political violence discourse, and explore main discursive themes and elements of these social contexts. Results: Since December 2008, militant Jundallah group entered a new period in fight with Iranian central government and it carried out five suicide Bombing attacks in Balochistan province, in the South-East of Iran. The attacks were carried out in religious dates and sites related to resident Shiite minority in the region (3 attacks), and on armed forces of the central government (2 attacks). The main themes of the group`s formal statements included weakening of the central government, taking revenge, autonomy of Balochistan province and establishing a regional government, defending Sunni religious beliefs, and also considering resident Shiite minority as alien. Discussion: Political violence discourse of Jundallah group is a meaningful system, which reflects the regional position of this group as savior of Sunni Balochi people in contrast with the central Shiite government and in an international affirmative atmosphere. According to this definition, Jundallah group draws its utopia on Balochistan province which will be autonomic within Iran`s boundaries, politically; and demographically, it will have a united Sunni Balochi population; economically, it will be the center of Asian economy; and religiously, it will give complete religious freedom to Sunnis. To reach these perspectives, the group uses two strategies in carrying out suicide Bombing attacks including attacking the government's representatives and agents also Shiite minority; and threatening, terrifying and persuading them to leave the region. As the last point, in order to control this crisis, armed confrontation cannot be solely adequate and modifying cultural and ethnic policies are necessitated in the region. This encourages negotiation to substitute Bombing words with peaceful dialogues.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the level of  post–traumatic syndrome disease (PTSD) symptoms among children less than 6 years old, 3 months after the bomb explosion event in Ahvaz city at 2005(1384).Method: In this cross-sectional study, the subjects included all the children attending in the only kindergarten located with the 500 m radius from the bomb explosion area. Although the questionnaires were given to the parents of 100 children, only 62 questionnaires were completed. The data were analyzed through the spss software with non-parametric statistical Procedure. Results: The results showed that 62.97% of children were diagnosed to have difference degrees of PTSD symptoms. These symptoms included re-experience (19.4%), hyper-arousal (14.5%) and avoidance (99.7%). Re-experience showed to have the higher frequency and the most severe symptom was avoidance.Conclusion: The present study showed that a noticeable percentage of pre-school children in the nearest kindergarten to the Bombing area had some degrees of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, this study suggests that appropriate psychological support is needed to be given to people, especially in children,  who experience similar events.  

Strategic Bombing of population centers and civilian industrial and communication facilities is a widely-used method by involved parties in the wars waged in the 20th century. This strategy which aim at destruction of the economic power and the population morale is in contrast with the principles of international humanitarian law regarding the distinction between belligerents and non-belligerents. In its advisory opinion on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons in 1996, the International Court of Justice, on the one hand insisted on the principle of distinction between combatants and non-combatants and on the other, recognized the deterrence policy as state practice, hence having legal effect. reviewing of some of the technical details and requirements of the deterrence policy leads to the conclusion that this policy is a continuation of the older concepts of total war and strategic Bombing. Therefore, the recognition of the deterrence policy in international law is a tacit recognition of the possibility of the principle of distinction being violated in some cases. Hence, the strategy of some States, including the Islamic Republic of Iran for retaliatory attacks on the cities of their adversaries can be legally justified on this basis.

Japan has been the victim of the worst two nuclear disasters in the world. In the first event, on Monday, August 6th 1945 (just 66 years ago), Hiroshima was bombarded by an American B-29 plane dropping the first atomic bomb on a civilian target. The damage was incredible. Recent estimates of death toll in Hiroshima Bombing indicates between 90,000 up to 166,000 deaths most of them occurred in the first day of Bombing of this city with a resident civilian population of 340, 000. Roughly near 70% of the city's buildings were completely destroyed and another 7% were severely damaged.

Aims The psychological effects of war, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may persist for years after the war. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in the elderly survivors of the Bombing in Ilam. Instruments & Methods The present study was performed by retrospective cohort method on 227 elderly survivors of the imposed war living in Ilam City, Iran, in 2019 who were selected by multi-stage proportional random sampling. The NSESSS-PTSD instrument was used to measure post-traumatic stress disorder. Used descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and Correlation) for data analysis by SPSS 23 software. Findings The mean age of the elderly participating in the study was 66. 67± 7. 16 years. 54. 2% of participants were female. There was a significant relationship between marital status, employment, witnessing injuries and deaths, age at wartime and gender, and post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a significant relationship between current chronic patients and post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion 16. 3% of the elderly survivors of the Bombing of the Iran-Iraq war in Ilam have post-traumatic stress disorder.