The necessity of designing safe structures to withstand an air strike on a ground surface is obvious. In order to meet this goal, the blast characteristics and propagation of intense wave caused by it in discontinues rock media is considered. After selecting a dynamic pulse caused by an airborne bomb, with a specific weight and penetration on the ground surface and calculation of the resulted crater, it is applied, in a radial shape, on the crater surface. Thereby the wave propagation and its damping in a discontinum media is investigated. The rock mass and propagation of dynamic wave in it is modeled using UDEC software. The results show that with increase in the depth of structure, its instability decreases against the blast caused by a bomb with specific weight and penetration. The existence of effective discontinuity also decreases this possibility. Under the same conditions the possibility of the structure stability increases if the slope angle against the line drawn to the center of the blast is about 60 degrees.

With the advancement in technology and military and telecommunications industries and with the increasing applications of electromagnetic fields in telecommunications, military and medical experiments, fields with different magnitudes and in various forms represent a constant hazard to the environment. The biological effects of such fields depend on their magnitude, frequency and fluctuation as well as the phycial attributes of the individual or the tissue exposed to them.Telecommunications, television and radio transmitters generate powerful magnetic fields.Frequencies under 100 Khz cause nervous tics, and frequencies of 10 Mhz lead to an increase of 1-2 degrees in the body temperature. Needless to say, exposure to more powerful fields generate more harmful levels of heat in the tissue.Microwaves, at high magnitudes and in the long term, cause such various symptoms as headaches, vertigo, spontaneous miscarriages, menstruation disorders, speech disorders, sudden bouts of paralysis and cancer. In military industries, E-Bombs generate waves with frequencies of 300 Ghz per PS and are able to stop computers, banks, large financial institutes and all electric and electronic circuits in their paths. Electromagnetic waves generated by E-Bombs are divided into two groups:1- Pulses within the same range of the frequencies of brain waves, which cause nausea, panic attacks, lack of alertness and depression.2- More powerful waves, such as microwaves used in electromagnetic weapons, cause behavioral and cognitive disorders as was the case when the US utilized these weapons against Iraq.

The July 10, 2024 program news from the US National Academies highlights the viewpoints of Dr. Preetha Rajaraman, the new vice chair for the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Dr. Rajaraman emphasizes the critical insights gained from atomic bomb survivors regarding the long-term effects of radiation exposure and the psychological impacts of their experiences. While a few studies have suggested that A-bomb survivors and control groups have demonstrated longer-than-average lifespans and lower solid cancer death ratios compared to the general Japanese population, these findings are puzzling and contradict the vast majority of research on this topic...

Aims The psychological effects of war, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may persist for years after the war. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in the elderly survivors of the bombing in Ilam. Instruments & Methods The present study was performed by retrospective cohort method on 227 elderly survivors of the imposed war living in Ilam City, Iran, in 2019 who were selected by multi-stage proportional random sampling. The NSESSS-PTSD instrument was used to measure post-traumatic stress disorder. Used descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and Correlation) for data analysis by SPSS 23 software. Findings The mean age of the elderly participating in the study was 66. 67± 7. 16 years. 54. 2% of participants were female. There was a significant relationship between marital status, employment, witnessing injuries and deaths, age at wartime and gender, and post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a significant relationship between current chronic patients and post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion 16. 3% of the elderly survivors of the bombing of the Iran-Iraq war in Ilam have post-traumatic stress disorder.

One of the most important concerns after the imposed war is to clear the land of mines and unexploded Bombs buried in it, which unfortunately kills or injures some of our dear compatriots every year. The most important method for processing and interpreting buried magnetic anomalies is Euler's method, which estimates the depth. In this research, at first magnetic fiber data from 16 spherical models and two cylindrical models are simultaneously processed and interpreted. After that, we study ground magnetic data related to the site of the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran buried in the area for a study of a number of steel sheets, a hollow iron pipe and a barrage. In order to estimate the depth and boundary of the buried anomalies, the Euler method is used to construct data. The main advantage of using this technique is that it enables us to estimate the horizontal position and depth of the subsurface mass without knowing the parameters of the Earth's magnetometer.

Graffiti Bombs are one of the modern non-destructive weapons that by causing short circuit in the power systems result in blackout in these networks. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a Special Protection System (SPS) to prevent long-term voltage instability after graffite attacks. In this SPS, the power grid is divided into several voltage control area (VCAs) in order to carry out corrective actions in a coordinated manner and reduce the risk of the instability. Then, according to the voltage stability status of each area determined by RPRI index, the proposed SPS will be used to prevent long-term voltage instability. In this paper, using the DPL environment of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software, the proposed SPS is implemented and tested on IEEE 39-Bus and Nordic32 networks. The results of simulations performed under different N-1, N-2 and N-3 contingencies and comparison of them with previous ones verify the appropriate performance of the proposed method.

Graphite bomb is a non-destructive weapon that is used for disturbing electrical power supply and blackouts. Cascading failures and blackouts are the most significant threats for power system security. A power system will be collapsed if the process of cascading failures proceeds by further line tripping. In this paper, a new method for Tehran power system islanding is proposed to encountering graphite attack and substation outage. Based on the proposed method, after the graphite Bombs is released on electric substations, substation outage and islanding power system commands is occured. Thus, a new approach for identifying coherent groups of generators in power systems based on the correlation coefficients between rotor angle oscillations of generators is presented. The method uses a newly proposed clustering index based on the correlation coefficients of generators oscillations which is able to classify any number of generators into coherent groups. The proposed approach uses real time data of generators oscillations via PMUs, so it is able to easily take into account the effect of system detailed modeling. Simulation results, obtained using MATLAB and DIgSILENT software on the Tehran power system show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and have a well performance regarding voltage and transient stability when solving the controlled islanding problem.

Graphite Bombs are modern and non-destructive weapons causing wide area blackouts in power systems by applying short circuit faults. In this paper, a special protection scheme is presented to deal with graphite Bombs and prevent blackouts. In this method, substations are categorized according to the system response to their outage event. In next stage, special protection scheme for each group is designed according to the available communication infrastructure. Load shedding, islanding, generation trip are the methods utilized along each other to tackle blackouts. The proposed methods are tested on IEEE 39 bus test system in different operation scenarios. Simulation results prove the validity of the proposed method in dealing with graphite attacks.

Electromagnetic Bombs use a powerful electromagnetic pulse to destroy the target. When using this kind of Bombs, due to presence of strong magnetic flux, high voltages and currents appear on the transmission lines, which are harmful and destructive for all kinds of electrical and electronic equipment. In this paper a new algorithm is introduced with which robustness of electrical network and its electrical components are preserved in a possible electromagnetic attack.In this work, that used from Time-Based Improved Equal Area Criterion (TBIEAC) idea, it is assumed that protective relays of transmission lines are able to detect the over currents and send commands to circuit breakers for disconnecting related lines. Here, with the use of presented algorithm, fast power swings are scrutinized. Based on the results obtained, a decision is made to identify if the specified generator is subjected to a loss of synchronism or not.The simulation results show that the proposed method has higher response and precision compared with the previous methods.

The Qezeljeh Kand strato–volcano (Quaternary age) is located in NE of Qorveh Town (Kaboudar–Ahang area) is the linear basaltic volcano in this area. The volcanic cone is polygenetic and is a mainly consist of basaltic lava. Scoria, ash and different kinds of volcanic Bombs which covers Pliocene clastic sediments and quaternary travertine. This Volcanic cone was formed in an inter-continental environment in the post Pliocene.Xenoliths are observed both in lava and volcanic Bombs, and can be divided in to two main groups: autoliths and real xenoliths. There are several Autoliths consisting of pyroxene, mica, amphibole, hornblende and apatite minerals, they have genetically relationship with lava minerals. Felsic xenoliths are mainly consisting of granite and gneiss and were detached from rock basement, during the eruption process, and they partly melted. The lack of volatile bearing minerals in some autolithe (such as pyroxenite autoliths) and abundance of these in another autolithes (such as apatite - hornblende autolithes), and periodical eruptions in the volcanic history, indicate a zonal magma chamber.On the other hand, abundance of hydrous minerals and absence of plagioclase in these autoliths proves the water saturation in depth of magma chamber which caused concentration of volatiles on the upper part of magma chamber resulting extremely violent eruptions.