This study, inspired by Peacock and Wiseman’ s theory, attributes government size to political factors. The current study aims to analyze the effect of election cycles (election year, government ideology, Coalition and minority government) on government of size in selected developed and developing countries over the period (2002-2018). Statistical society includes twelve developing countries as a sample group and twelve developed countries as a control group. The research model has been estimated by using panel data and the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results showed that the election year and Coalition has had a positive and significant in both groups of selected countries on government of size. The minority government has had a negative and significant in both groups of selected countries on government of size. However, the effect of government's ideology index on government of size index in developed countries has had a positive and significant, while it was insignificant in developing countries. Furtheremore, , controlled variables, economic growth, openness of the economy, degree of urbanization and the index of misery on government of size were positive and significant. The effect of natural resource abundance on the size of government has been positive and significant in developing countries, while it was insignificant in developed countries.

According to theories of international economics, trade between countries causes the flow and transfer of knowledge and technology between trading partners. This transition is referred to in the international economic literature as foreign research and development spillovers. These spillovers occur in two direct and indirect ways. Indirect spillovers are caused by indirect trade and through another country between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of direct and indirect spillovers of foreign research and development on the Gross Domestic Product and also on competitiveness in Iran and its major trading partners during 2010-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag model in panel data. For this purpose, first two indicators of direct spillovers and indirect spillovers for the studied countries were calculated. Then, the effect of these two factors was examined on the GDP and also competitiveness. The results of model showed that in the long run, both direct and indirect spillover effects of foreign R&D had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, domestic research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of countries in the long run. Other results of the study have shown that both direct and indirect spillovers have had a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness index of countries in the long run. According to the results, it can be said that the amount of domestic research and development should be increased to increase both economic growth and the country's competitiveness index.

According to theories of international economics, trade between countries causes the flow and transfer of knowledge and technology between trading partners. This transition is referred to in the international economic literature as foreign research and development spillovers. These spillovers occur in two direct and indirect ways. Indirect spillovers are caused by indirect trade and through another country between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of direct and indirect spillovers of foreign research and development on the Gross Domestic Product and also on competitiveness in Iran and its major trading partners during 2010-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag model in panel data. For this purpose, first two indicators of direct spillovers and indirect spillovers for the studied countries were calculated. Then, the effect of these two factors was examined on the GDP and also competitiveness. The results of model showed that in the long run, both direct and indirect spillover effects of foreign R&D had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, domestic research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of countries in the long run. Other results of the study have shown that both direct and indirect spillovers have had a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness index of countries in the long run. According to the results, it can be said that the amount of domestic research and development should be increased to increase both economic growth and the country's competitiveness index.

In recent decades, studies of the role of government in economy have had a shift from the concentration on the size of government and its tasks to the quality of government intervention. This change of attitude to state in economy has given rise to a new vision of good governance. Good governance requires a broad approach to the transparent involvement of a wide range of groups including the government, civil society and private sector. In this respect, the quality of governance reflects the ability of governments to formulate and implement effective policies to improve business environment, economic development, and entrepreneurship expansion; therefore, the main purpose of this article is to find the answer to this important question: What is the impact of the quality of governance on entrepreneurship in selected countries? The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and referential, in terms of research method, nature and the method of dealing with the problem. In this study, reference is made to the statistical data of the World Bank and the World Entrepreneurship Observer. Multivariate regression and panel data and Excel and Eviews soft wares have been used to model the factors affecting entrepreneurship. The results of fixed effects model estimation over the period 2000-2016 showed that governance quality has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship in the selected countries. The effect of governance quality on entrepreneurship in the group of innovation-based selected countries with high income is higher than the group of efficiency-based ones with medium income. Creating effective institutions, governments can provide an environment suitable for regulating the economic relations of individuals in a low-cost manner. In this way, entrepreneurship can be reinforced and developed.

By the advent of ICT in recent decades and its continual growth, productivity and economic growth have increased rapidly specially in developed countries. However, the interaction between productivity growth and ICT investment is still subject of research at international level. This studyexamines the causality between the ICT investment and labor productivity growth using a panel data including 25 developed and 23 developing countries for the period2000-2008. We use the Granger causality test and GMM method to estimate the model. The results demonstrate that bilateral causality between two variables exists. In other words, a growth in ICT investment leads to a growth in labor productivity and vice versa. Classification JEL: C23, O33, J24.

Most reservoir fluids contain heavy paraffinic compounds that may precipitate as a solid or solid like material called wax if the fluid is cooled down. Wax precipitation is a phenomenon of considerable importance in oil industry. An increase in aggregation results in enhanced oil viscosity. This however causes significant negative effects on production, transportation and processing of crude oil. So, structural characterization of wax is considered to be important topic. In this work, normal paraffin molecules C20, C21, C23, C24, C25, C27, and C29 have been considered as representatives of wax molecule. Intermolecular forces have been calculated using quantum mechanics and statistical analysis. Second virial coefficients have been obtained for these molecules by applying intermolecular potential energy. Finally SRK and PR equation of states parameters have been achieved to have molecular consideration of wax structure.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting the payment of fossil fuel subsidies in oil exporting countries. To this end, the determinants of fossil fuel subsidies in selected exporting countries are divided into three sections: economic, political and institutional factors, and analyzed by the method of generalized moment data of dynamic panel data in the period 2003-2015. The results showed that variables such as carbon emissions and health costs are effective in paying gasoline subsidies. International Indicators of Risk also show the impact of institutional and political factors on subsidies. Based on the results, international organizations or management organizations should have targeted and accurate investment in improving the organizational and institutional capacity of the countries.

In this study, two 2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives were prepared by the reaction of appropriate substituted anilines with potassium thiocyanate in acetic acid followed by mild cyclization oxidation reaction with bromine at room temperature. Then, 2-aminobenzothiazole and each of the two synthesized amines were diazotized with nitorsyl sulfuric acid and coupled with 5-chloro-8-hydroxy quinoline to prepare corresponding heteroarylazo dyes. Their solvatochromism was evaluated in different solvents. The effects of acid and base on the absorption maximum wavelengths of the compounds were also studied. From the optical spectra, in each case, the isosbestic points indicate that the two species are in equilibrium. For all of the compounds under investigation, the dependence of the absorbance on the pH value gives sigmoid curves. The acidity constants (pKa) of the dyes were also determined using the spectrophotometric method in an ethanol-water mixture (80: 20, v/v) at 20-23°C. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out in order to compare the energies of proposed azo and hydrazone tautomers of the dyes.

In this study, the effect of warm air blowers on suppressing of heat losses and also downdraught for the buildings with exterior large windows was analyzed and compared. The air ducts were mounted at different locations besides the window at floor plenum, ceiling plenum and side walls. The simulation of flow and temperature fields for a two-person office room was carried out through computation fluid dynamic method. The thermal performance of these systems and analysis of thermal comfort were simultaneously accomplished based on ISO 7730 and ASHRAE standards. The inlet air temperature ranged 22-26° C for the three systems and the results were compared. The results show that the comfort air temperature was almost uniformly distributed the entire room for the systems with air ducts at floor and ceiling plenum. Also, the values of PMV and PPD for this system were lower than 15% in the occupied region.

Exports of goods and services could be considered as an important factor that contribute to the productivity of different sectors of the economy. The effects of exports on firm’ s productivity in similar stage of the production chain known as horizontal spillovers and the effects of exports on firm’ s productivity in other sectors is called vertical spillovers. The vertical spillovers occur through forward and backward linkages between thesectors. Meanwhile, human capital in different sectors could enhance or intensify the spillover effects of exports. In this paper, we examine the impacts of exports onproductivity using a panel data of firms inthe Iranian manufacturing sector for the period 2001-2014. The productivity of factors of production is first estimated by applying the growth accounting method, and then productivity is treated as a function of horizontal and vertical spillovers of exports as well as human capital and imports. The findings show that exports cause positive horizontal spillover effects, however, its impactimproves withincreasing the level of human capital. Furthermore, our results illustrate that vertical spillover effects through forward linkages is negative and insignificant, but it is positive and significant through backward linkages. JEL Classification: O33, L60, D24, C23