Protozoa are known to make an appreciable contribution to rumania fiber digestion in many different geographical areas; however, little if any information is available on their occurrence in domestic ruminants. Rumen contents obtained from 195 domesticated animals slaughtered at Kashan were surveyed for ciliate protozoa. Five genera including ten species were identified. The average ciliate, Isotricha, Entodinium, Dasytricha, Metadinum and Ophryoscolex, density was 29±18.2×104 ml.

The abundance and species composition of CILIATES were analyzed in the Bukan Dam Reservoir (West Azerbaijan, Iran) from January to December 2008. Surface water samples were collected at monthly intervals from the middle (Stations 1 and 3) and shallow (Stations 2 and 4) areas of the lake. Three samples were taken in the water column using a 5-litre sampler. Totally 30 liters water was collected, 200 ml of which was fixed immediately with 8.6 ml of a saturated HgCl2 solution and stained with 0.04% bromophenol blue. Three subsamples were counted in a 5-ml chamber and examined with a microscope (100 x) as well as Chlorophyll a and a few ecological parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, transperancy and water temperature were measured. Totally 50 CILIATES species were found in Bukan Dam Reservoir. Regarding the density, a high-density period was detected from January to April with a mean density of 2.86x103 cells.l-1 Ciliata at stations 1 and 3 and 4.16x103 cells.l-1 at stations 2 and 4. The high density of ciliate in summer may be due to the increase in the density of bacteria and moderate metazooplankton as a result of the appearance of non-edible algae. The ciliata occurring at the highest densities were Coleps tessellates, Didinium nasutum, Paradileptus elephantinus, Stentor polymorphus, Zosterograptus labiatus, Paramecium bursaria, Cyclidium citrullus, Vorticella campanula, Halteria grandinella and Aspidisca costata. The maximum and minimum chlorophyll a values observed at the reservoir water were 10.39 mg.l-1 and 1.0 mg.l-1 being obtained in May and Octobor respectively.

CILIATES are among the largest classes of protozoans. They can be found in almost every aquatic environment. CILIATES serve as an intermediate link in the energy transfer chain from picoplankton to zooplankton. They also serve as indicators of water eutrophication and pollution. Given the important roles that CILIATES play in the ecology of aquatic ecosystems, their identification, morphological aspects, and taxonomic position are of great importance in order to conduct ecological studies. The present research aims to identify and study the plankton and periphyton CILIATES of the Zayandeh Rud river and the reservoir. The identifications were done using the available keys and catalogs. As a result, 45 species from 30 genera and 19 families were identified in this study. There are nine families belonging to the suborder Gymnostomata, three families belonging to the suborder of Trichostomata, and seven families belonging to the suborder Hymenostomata. For the first time in this study, 45 new species of CILIATES were reported in the study area and 25 new species in the country's aquatic ecosystems

In this research effect of Azadirachta indica (Juss) seed extract upon predator CILIATES in intensive unicellular algal mass culture of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) under laboratory condition were studied. For this propose, LC 100 of CILIATES and EC 50 algae in the optimum Lab. condition were examined. Results show that a 24-h LC 100 at 4mg/l seed extract was found for the ciliate whereas at 24h EC50 10 mg/l had the best result for the ciliate. But at investigation of seed extract effect upon the of unicellular algae and ciliate both to gathers at one contaminated sample show that The application dose for use of this extract with useful effect in completely elimination of CILIATES is over than 4 - 5 mg/l. Finally study in long time effect of seed extract upon the mortality, motion and body shape of algae cells showed that this extract is able to recover contaminated algal population and had no harmful effect on the algae cells at 72 hour.

Tintinnid CILIATES are planktonic grazers of nanoplankton. They have a lorica (or shell) into which the ciliate cell can withdraw. The identification of planktonic CILIATES, loricate (tintinnid) was investigated in the Iranian waters of the Oman Sea from fort of hormoz to pasabandar. Tintinnids surveys were conducted seasonaly during May 2007 (Premonsoon) -December 2007 (Postmonsoon) from 40 stations in Iranian waters. The samples were collected by vertical tows (closing net) using a 55 μm mesh planktonic net, with a mouth opening of 0.4m diameter. Depth of sampled stations in the studied area varied from 5 to 50 m. A total of 16 genus of tintinnids from 10 families, were identified. In this study 4 genus belonging to family Tintinnidae, 2 genus from family Xystonellidae, Ptychocylidae and Rhabdonellidae and familes Tintinnidiidae, Codonellidae, Epiplocylididae, Dictyocystidae, Metacylididae and Ascampbeliellidae any with 1 genus identify.Tintinnopsisfrom Codonellidae with 54% dominant and Dadayiella from Tintinnidae with 0.005% were abundance least. From sampling transects, transect 1 in pre and postmonsoon with abundance least and transect 2 in the premonsoon and transect 8 on postmonsoon most abundance. In order to Shannon's diversity index, Evenness and Richness doing in the statines. Cluster analysis of tintinnids at the sampling transects showed in the premonsoon transect 10 and transects 2 and 8 in the post monsoon to differ from other transects.

Background: β-Hematin (Hemozoin) was synthised inside human erythrocyte by malaria parasite. The parasite avoids the toxic effects by polymerizing heme molecules into insoluble crystalline β-Hematin. C. botrys and A. annua used for the treatment of diseases like malaria, hepatitis, cancers, and inflammations. Objective: Determine of antimalarial and anti-protozoa effects of A. anuuae and C. botrys. Method: C. botrys and A. annua terpenoids were extracted by acetonitrile. The antimalarial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by in vitro β-Hematin formation. Some CILIATES were tested by 0. 01, 0. 1 and 1 mgml-1 of C. botrys and A. annua extracts. Total terpenoid were measured by spectrophotometry method. The terpenoid extracts were determined by TLC and GC-MS. Results: Terpenoids effects on Paramecium and other CILIATES was movement inhibition and cell targeting and cilia isolating induction and cell disjointing. Anti-malarial study on β-Hematin formation showed that acetonirile and aquatic extracts of shoots and roots of two species are antimalaria. Inhibiting effects of acetonirile and aquatic extracts of A. annua shoots were much of double effects of shoots of acetonirile extracts of C. botrys and aquatic extracts of A. annua root. Total terpenoids of two plants were 0. 317-4. 46 mgg-1dw. TLC and GC/MS analysis showed that the acetonirile extract of A. annua contains artemisinin and several kinds of terpenoids, but in extracts of C. botrys with highe terpenoids content didn’ t find artemisinin. Conclusion: The inhibiting effects of C. botrys on some CILIATES and in vitro β-Hematin formation is from other terpenes in the extracts probably.

Specialized fishing methods of the One of the common problems in shrimp farming industry, is the infestation of the shrimp and it’s larval stages by epicommensal CILIATES. Some of these CILIATES can make some health problems directely (by interference to molting) and indirectely (oxygen deplating) in shrimp farming industry world wide. Since there is not any report about the infestation of larval stages of P. indicus to epicommensal CILIATES in hatcharies of this region, this study carried out to determin the CILIATES kind and their intensity of infestation. This investigation was done in spring of 2002 in Choabdae rigion (Abadan-Iran). In successive sampling, the total of 345 shrimp including 50 nauplius, 70 protozoa, 125 mysis and 125 post larvae of Penaeus indicus were caught and were carried alive to the laboratory.Different parts of shrimps body were examined microscopically by routin methods. The intensity of infestation were measured and the genus of the CILIATES were determined as Zoothamnium sp. and Vorticella sp. These CILIATES were observed in mysis and post-larval stages and the infection rate were 2% and 4% respectively. The intensity of the ciliats infestation in all stages were estimated as low. The observed CILIATES were attached to the telson, between pleopods, on cephalothorax and eyestalks. No ciliate was observed on the gills of studied larvae and post-larvae. The low intensity of these CILIATES may be due to successful control measures of the hatchery management system. The ciliate infestation was too low for detecting the best site of attachment of the CILIATES, however, it can be conclued that the larvae showed no site specifity for attachment of the parasite.

Cysts and trophozoites of vestibuliferid CILIATES were found in fecal samples from captive chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) at Tehran Eram Zoological Gardens. As comparative reference, CILIATES from captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at San Francisco zoo and gardens, in the USA and the Zoological Garden Berlin AG in Europe, were included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected vestibuliferid CILIATES using ITS1‐5.8s‐rRNAITS2 and partial 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) revealed that the CILIATES from chimpanzee clustered with Buxtonella‐like CILIATES from other primates. Morphological examination of the cysts and trophozoites using light microscopy did not reveal differences robust enough to identify the genera of the CILIATES. As B. coli is a zoonotic parasite and the conditions in captive and semi‐captive settings may facilitate transmission to humans, prophylactic measures should reflect the findings.

The freshwater crayfish of the Aras Reservoir is an important economic fisheries resource of West Azarbaijan, Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infestation of Crayfish seasonally in this area in 2010. Among 390 different sizes ofAstacus leptodactylus which were examined, a range of ectocommensals or ectosymbionts from a number of different phyla including 9 orders and 11 classes infested the different anatomic units of the surface and appendages such as gills, head, thorax, abdomen, walking legs, uropod, telson, antennae and antennulae of freshwater crayfish. Common groups such as peritrich CILIATES, suctorian CILIATES, free living nematodes, branchiobdellids, and algae, copepods, rotifers and oligochaetes have also been observed in association with freshwater crayfish.