ABSTRACT Considering the concept of quality of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of life. So, the indicators affecting the quality of life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of life; this shows that the Quality of life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of quality of life equally in all cities has caused the level of quality of life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On the other hand, considering the concept of quality of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of life. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the quality of life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of life, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the quality of life in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the quality of life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of life in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the quality of life. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as life expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the quality of life. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural life, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the quality of life. Following this, according to the above findings, quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the quality of life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the quality of life to be different. Therefore, considering the quality of life and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the quality of life and the failure of quality of life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that quality of life is a simple concept covering various urban life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of quality of life and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the quality of life for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of life; this shows that the quality of life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

تاکنون تلاش های گوناگونی برای روشن ساختن مفهوم «شهر هوشمند» شده است اما روشن ساختن مسائل مفهومی آن با استفاده از روشی نظام مند یک ضرورت است. در این تحقیق، پرسش از مفهوم شهر هوشمند، پرسشی ست نظری از چیستی این مفهوم در تعاریف ارائه شده در ادبیات نظری برای واضح سازی این مفهوم با استفاده از روش تحلیل مفهوم تکاملی راجرز. بدین ترتیب با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای جهت دار، بر پایۀ عناصر ساختاری ارائه شده در روش تحلیل مفهوم تکاملی راجرز (پیش آیندها، ویژگی ها و پس آیندهای مفهوم)، کدگذاری داده ها و شناسایی مقوله ها در محتوای 99 تعریف شهر هوشمند انجام شده است. شناسایی پیش آیندهای مفهوم در تعاریف، مبین آن است که اگرچه مفهوم شهر هوشمند به شدت تحت تأثیر فضای مه آلود و پرهیاهوی بازار فنّاوری است ولیکن اکنون از مسیرهای تعیین شده توسط شرکت های عرضه کننده فنّاوری کمتر سخن گفته می شود و بیشتر بر زمینه و چشم انداز در توسعۀ این مفهوم تأکید می شود. وجه مشخصۀ اکثر تعاریف، تمایل به مشخص کردن ویژگی های عام عملکردی (اقتصاد، مردم، حکمروایی و ...) هوشمند برای شهر است و عینیّت یافتن ویژگی های ساختاری و عملکردی شهر هوشمند، عمدتاً با سه نتیجه – کیفیت زندگی، پایداری و بهینه سازی فرایندها - مرتبط دانسته شده است. تکامل مفهوم شهر هوشمند، تابع هم آفرینی فنّاوری طی فرایند مشارکت همدلانه شهروندان است تا نقش شهروندان از «سوژه های داده» متخصصان فنّی به عاملیتی توانمند در هوشمند کردن شهرها ارتقاء یابد.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

مقاله حاضر به بررسی تاثیر استراتژی مفاهیم ذهنی (concept mapping) در نگارش انشا انگلیسی بر خود تنظیمی (self-regulation) دانشجویان کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی می پردازد. تصور بر این است که آموزش استراتژی های ذهنی می تواند سبب پیشرفت تحصیلی فراگیران در زمینه های مختلف آموزشی شود (هکر، دانلوسکی، گریسر 1998). شرکت کنندگان در این تحقیق عبارت از شصت دانشجوی (دختر و پسر) کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی گرایش مترجمی و ادبیات بوده که به دو گروه سی نفره آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. نتایج تحقیق حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل آماری نشان داد که تدریس استراتژی مفاهیم ذهنی می تواند سبب ارتقا خود تنظیمی دانشجویان با سطح زبانی متوسط شود. یافته های این تحقیق دارای کاربردهای آموزشی، عملی و نظری در زمینه آموزش استراتژی های یادگیری به ویژه آموزش مفاهیم ذهنی در مهارت نوشتاری دانشجویان می باشد.

مشخصه قرن 21، شهرنشینی فزاینده، رشد جمعیتی و مشکلات عظیم اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی حاصل از آنها به همراه رشد و گسترش فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در سطح جهانی است. تناقض بین رشد اقتصادی و حفظ محیط زیست، رویارویی شهروند فرامدرن با شهر عصر صنعتی(مدرن) و عدم توانایی پاسخگویی به نیازهای شهروندان عصر حاضر منجر به مطرح شدن رویکرد شهرهوشمندپایدار شد که به کمک فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات از جمله اینترنت اشیا به دنبال حل مسایل مطروحه است. این مقاله ضمن معرفی رویکرد هوشمندپایدار بعنوان نقطه مقابل رویکردهای نیولیبرال محور؛ خواستگاه پیدایش، تکامل، ابعاد، مولفه ها، شاخص ها و تفاوت های این رویکرد با رویکردهای مشابه از جمله شهرهوشمند را بررسی می کند. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف بنیادی نظری و به لحاظ ماهیت و روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که اگرچه تعاریف ثابت و مشخصی در مورد شهرهوشمندپایدار وجود ندارد، اما توافق اصولی بر اهداف نهایی آن، رسیدن به توسعه پایدار وجود دارد. چرایی این امر ناشی از اهمیت موج سوم پایداری و بحرانی شدن چالش های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و بخصوص زیست محیطی در بستر شهرها است. همچنین، تاکید عمده این تعاریف بر روی برابری و فراگیری اجتماعی، افزایش کیفیت زندگی، ایجاد بهره وری، ایجاد زیرساختارهای منعطف، استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و حفظ محیط زیست قرار دارد. از طرف دیگر در تعاریف ارایه شده نوعی خلا آینده نگرانه وجود داشت که تعریف جدیدی با نگاه آینده پژوهی از این مفهوم ارایه شد. هسته اصلی این رویکرد برخلاف رویکردهای مشابه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات به همراه توسعه پایدار است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که جهت پیاده سازی این رویکرد علاوه بر استفاده از تیوری تغییر، آینده پژوهی و دیدگاه سیستمی باید شعار «جهانی فکر کن و محلی اقدام کن» را در نظر گرفت و به بومی سازی این رویکرد باتوجه به شرایط اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و آینده نگرانه از کلانشهرهای ایران پرداخت.

شکل شهری شهرهای خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا در اروپا برای نخستین بار در دهه های آغازین قرن بیستم به صورت علمی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. شرق شناسان فرانسوی، اولین نویسندگانی بودند که اصطلاح «شهر اسلامی» را به کار گرفتند و این شهرها را در گروه خاصی دسته بندی نمودند. از آن زمان به بعد تعداد زیادی از متون به نظریه پردازی در زمینه شکل این شهرها پرداختند که بیشتر آنها به نوعی متاثر از نظریه های پیشین بودند. در سال های اخیر تعدادی از محققان سعی در مطرح کردن ایده هایی نو داشته اند. از آن جایی که این نظریه ها بدنه اصلی مطالعات شهرهای اسلامی را در متون غربی و بین المللی تشکیل می دهند، لازم است به صورت دنباله ای از ایده ها بررسی و کلیشه های تکرار شده در آنها برجسته شوند. از این رو، در مقاله حاضر با مروری بر تاریخ پیدایش و سیر تحول مفهوم و اصطلاح «شهر اسلامی» سعی بر این است تا بر چرایی، چگونگی و زمان ظهور این کلیشه ها، افراد سازنده آن، رد و نقد آنها از سوی نظریه پردازان امروز شهرهای اسلامی، اعتبار روش جایگزین پیشنهادی آنها برای خوانش شهر، و توانایی آنها در بررسی پیچیدگی های این نوع از شهرها تاکید شود. برای این منظور به ایده های اصلی افراد برجسته این نظریه پردازان تحت سه گروه عمده: 1) ظهور مفهوم «شهر اسلامی» (1900-1950)، 2) نظریه های تجدید نظرطلبانه (1950-1980)، و 3) نظریه های پیشرو پرداخته می شود تا نشان دهد که چگونه پیش فرض های خاصی بر توصیف آنها سایه افکنده و چگونه کلیشه های امروزی این حوزه مطالعاتی ریشه در خوانش های نخستینی دارد که به طور وسیع تحت تاثیر نظریه های شهری متداول عصر خود در اروپا بوده اند.

اهداف: در دهه های گذشته مقالات و کتب متعددی پیرامون مفهوم "شهر اسلامی" هم توسط محققان مسلمان و هم توسط مستشرقین غربی به رشته تحریر در آمده است. برخی مفهوم شهر اسلامی را متناسب با اقتضائات زمان معاصر نمی دانند و در مقابل برخی از لزوم توجه بیشتر به آن سخن می گویند. هدف از این مطالعه در مرحله اول دسته بندی و تحلیل خوانش های مختلف از شهر اسلامی و در مرحله دوم بازاندیشی در این تعریف مبتنی بر اقتضائات کنونی جوامع مسلمان بود. ابزار و روش ها: مطالعه حاضر ماهیتی توصیفی-تحلیلی و اکتشافی دارد. روش جمع آوری اطلاعات برآیندی از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و مصاحبه های عمیق با صاحب نظران این حوزه در داخل و خارج از کشور بود که در مقایسه با هم مورد بحث، تحلیل و نقد قرار گرفت. این مطالعه ابتدا به دسته بندی و مقایسه بین رویکردهای برون دینی و درون دینی از مفهوم شهرهای اسلامی پرداخت. یافته دیگر این مطالعه افزودن خوانشی درون دینی به خوانش های قبلی از شهر اسلامی بود. در این راستا به موازات بررسی مطالعات مختلف پیرامون شهر اسلامی، لایه های مختلف تفکر اسلامی نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و با خوانش های موجود تطبیق داده شد. نتیجه گیری: در نتیجه گیری مطالعه حاضر به این سئوال پاسخ داده شد که تکیه بر کدام یک از ابعاد اندیشه اسلامی بیشتر با نیازهای جامعه امروزی در حوزه شهرسازی متناسب است؟ . با توجه به تحلیل هایی که در مطالعه بیان شد تاکید بر رویکرد اخلاقی بیش از سایر رویکردها می تواند پاسخگوی اقتضائات کنونی شهرها در جوامع اسلامی باشد.