Ulcerative COLITIS is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases with unknown etiology which presents as recurrent inflammatory attacks in mucosal and submocosal layers of the large bowel. Based upon our current understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders, new therapies have focused on the enteric immune response and inflammatory process, but conventional therapies such as aminosalicylates and corticosteroids continue to be widely used. Newer agents in these classes (e.g. mesal amine) hold promise for enhanced efficacy and/or tolerability. lmmunomodulators have become more effective for clinicians in the management of ulcerative COLITIS over the past several decades. The recent introduction of biological therapies (such as infliximab) offers potential for additional therapeutic options. None of the currently available therapies, however, is ideal. Continued efforts in search of more superior drugs are still needed. 

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive sporeforming anaerobic bacillus, which is found in the stool flora of 25-80% of healthy infants but rarely in the stool of healthy adults and children over the age of 12 months…

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus rarely can involve the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in individuals with underlying endogenous or exogenous immunosuppressant.Case Report: Patient, a 26-year old man with a history of ulcerative COLITIS was referred with severe abdominal pain, treat-refractory hematochezia and use of simultaneous immunosuppressive drug. Once suspected and investigated, HSV was known to be the cause of the acute episode. Therefore, the patient underwent treatment with acyclovir whereupon in a matter of days his symptoms healed.Conclusion: Today, HSV is considered as the cause of fulminant attack or resistance of inflamatory bowel diseases to immunomodulator treatment; it can be identified using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction of tissue samples. Timely antiviral therapy can prevent severe attacks and damage.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause COLITIS which is usually manifested with fever, weight loss, anorexia and abdominal pain. Watery diarrhea can be the only manifestation. CMV COLITIS usually cannot be diagnosed according to the clinical findings. Moreover, endoscopic appearance can exactly mimic pseudo-membranous COLITIS. Here by, we are presenting a patient with fever and watery diarrhea receiving immunosuppressive treatment due to rheumatoid arthritis who had received antibiotics. Pseudo-membranous COLITIS was revealed during colonoscopy and subsequently metronidazole and vancomycine treatment initiated but no improvement was observed. Finally, according to the positive CMV antibody and the presence of CMV antigen diagnosis was confirmed and valganciclovir for CMV COLITIS was administered.