COMMUNITARIANISM school imputes west communities’ social tensions, like social disruptive, collapse of families, addiction increase, class gap exacerbation, political apathy and some international issues such as environmental disasters, to Liberalism and its individualism. This article studies key topics of communitarians of normative attitude by concentrate on McIntyre, sandel and Taylor’ s thought. The result is that by questioning philosophical foundations of Liberalism, communitarians set the society as an axis. Against Liberal values, they prescribe norms which distinct by two adjective, virtue-based and social-based. In their view, society and social linkages are with inherent value and build man’ s identity, so instrumental view to them negates their real value. From their viewpoint, values and norms have social foundation and supposing them as individual desires is as distortion their collective substance. This school emphasizes on special position of goods in hierarchy of norms and wants government to play a role in advancing goods and ethical aims.

COMMUNITARIANISM is considered as one of the most pivotal schools of thought in contemporary normative political theories. In fact, it is a label for a group of people who share common characteristics such as critiques on liberalism, and some concepts like “ community” , “ tradition” and “ self” . Since most communitarians belong to the analytical philosophy, which focus on language and logic, they could not be regarded as contextualists. On the other hand, their analysis is related to “ tradition” , “ here and now” , and “ particularism” which denotes the importance of historical, political and sociological situation. It seems that not only the enrichment of morality and human rights in COMMUNITARIANISM is possible, but also it implies somehow relationship with context, cultural diversity and relativism. It seems that COMMUNITARIANISM needs a “ third way” between text and context.

Abstract:This text explains the relationship between the spectrum of COMMUNITARIANISM and political thought in contemporary Iran. COMMUNITARIANISM, as one of the critical approaches of the last century to liberal political culture, focuses on reforming the instrumental and atomistic view of society and mainly emphasizes the keyword of community with specific characteristics. On the other hand, the contemporary Iranian Shiite Muslim political thinker's view, emphasizing the category of nature, presents a similar understanding to the Communitarianist in defining concepts such as goodness and community, but has fundamental points of difference regarding the origin of man and the definition of the nature of happiness. In addition to the secondary results, the main claim of this article is that despite the alignment of criticisms of the culture of the modern world and the dominant liberalism in the West, even the idea of ​​COMMUNITARIANISM, due to its birth from within the modern world and its unnatural view of the criticized issues, will not be able to provide solutions and overcome the problems facing the modern world.

Current Exchange opinions and criticism between liberalism and COMMUNITARIANISM as two contemporary political schools of thoughts is an important issue. Liberalism in the modern era, especially now without any doubt one of, if not the only, political ideology is dominant. It can be said that communitarians are strongest critics of Liberalism, and liberals in their turn have some strongest critique about communitarian's ideas. This article aims to express critiques of defenders of liberalism against some communitarian authors like Michael j. Sandel, Alasdair MacIntyre, Charls Taylor and Michael Walzer. In short these critiques can be grouped in eight fields: confronting freedom, misunderstanding about liberal freedom, having comprehensive philosophical doctrine, misunderstanding about liberal neutrality, misunderstanding about liberal self, problem of virtue and civic virtues, exaggeration of liberal weaknesses, and impossibility of COMMUNITARIANISM.

With due attention to importance of interdisciplinary studies in public law, this paper has analyzed COMMUNITARIANISM doctrine and it's effects on public law order. COMMUNITARIANISM as a new Aristotelian and contemporary doctrine with criticize the liberalism and it's ideas in ethics, politics and law, is pursuing reform some defects in liberal societies and present a new plan. Emphasis on social identity of human, non-separation between "fact" and "value", human inability in individual discernment of the good and the necessity of revival virtue ethics, are the fundamental ideas of COMMUNITARIANISM. Communitarian philosophers with following the Plato and Aristotle thought about ethical and training responsibility of government, defend from government or other social structures such as Community in assessment about citizen's life style. The conclusion of this paper demonstrates that acceptance the COMMUNITARIANISM doctrine in the constitution and public law system, have effects such as perfectionism, preference the "order" on "right" and native human rights.

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit social element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a social element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on social reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to COMMUNITARIANISM are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary ran. This research is an attempt to introduce COMMUNITARIANISM theory whilst at the same time uses it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary Iran.Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity.Using this theory as a model, Iran is a society with specific cultural and political characters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio - political institutions.

The current study investigates the concept of educational justice as well as principles for the distribution of educational good from the view points of John Rawls as the representative of liberalism and Michacl Walzer as the representative of COMMUNITARIANISM. To this end, the current study has applied methods of conceptual analysis as well as comparative analysis. The obtained results show that educational justice has had different meanings and educational implications in various cultures and times. John Rawls’ royalty to the doctorine of egalitarian liberalism and justice principles posed by him has resulted in a notable status for individuality and equality. Moreover, Walzer's preference of the society to the individual marks him as a true supporter of the public and equal education in the primary steps of education.

The present article tries to study COMMUNITARIANISM as one of the important normative approaches in social science, and present its methodological components in the explanation of political and social developments. However, the question is: what are the concepts and methodological principles of COMMUNITARIANISM in the views of Alasdair MacIntyre? Communitarians select tradition instead of discourse and study five steps of rise, rationality, dialog, crisis and revival of thinking traditions. They are the constructivists of methodological domain. Their analysis is not at macro or micro level, but at local level. Contextual rationality and locality are very important for them. In sociological area, they put emphasis on communities and seek politics in them. Their rise is the result of the gradual fall of mobilizing ideologies such as the left and liberal in the political area, the decline of proletarian movements, the process of depoliticization of Europeans countries and the decline of the Green Party, the supporters of the environment, and the feminist movements. It seems that using this methodology instead of positivistic and hermeneutic approaches can help us develop a local approach for our perception of policymaking in the plural society of Iran and it can be used as an interdisciplinary theory for the humanities.

Against predictions and despite the progressive developments in communication technologies, not only contemporary human societies are not becoming completely homogeneous, but also the identities, different life styles and also ethical and religious minorities which were up to some decades ago in danger of extinction and losing their identities forever, they are raising again using today facilities and technologies and attempt to express their modes of distinction for others and hence, they can preserve their right to protect their traditions and act based on them for themselves. In this arena, the quality of interactions and mutual and just relations between identities, cultures, minorities and majorities with each other is an issue for which different theories are provided, most of which are taken from the liberal culture and their normative dimensions is related to society and culture. The current article attempts to understand this issue that which of these theories have more theoretical possibilities to become operational in multi-cultural societies? In this comparative and critical review of the most significant approaches and theories of cultural variety like liberal, post liberal, relativism, and COMMUNITARIANISM, it seems that COMMUNITARIANISM approach may have more theoretical possibilities to become operational in multi-cultural societies. The current research applied the descriptive and analytic method and library resources to answer its question.