the 19th meeting of Asian Pacific Endodontic CONFEDERATION (APEC) was held from 5th till 8th of April, 2017 at Hotel Hyatt Regency, New Delhi, India encompassing more than 1900 participants from 40 countries. The theme of the congress was "Preserve to Stillness "…

The Mamasani tribal, as one of the Lor ethnic groups settled in the northwest of Fars province and the foothills of the Zagros, has played a significant role. Varying views regarding the origin of the Mamasani tribal are the main purpose for investigating its emergence, its historical and geographical background, its political structure, and the establishment of its tribes in their different territories. In regard to the research hypothesis, it seems that the Mamasani tribal, having a long-lasting historico-geographical background, gradually migrated to the region of Shulistan in the late Safavid period and formed a political structure with a 4 + 1 + 1 pattern (4 Mamasani Lor tribes, 1 Shul tribe, and 1 Qashqai tribe), based on characteristics of power, authority, shrewdness, and type of livelihood, apart from the position of the chieftain (Ilkhan). The present study is a basic data mining research based on the descriptive-analytical method by collecting archival documents (primary sources, local histories, and reliable historical texts) and field data (interview and observation). Based on in-depth and extensive studies, eight new hypotheses have been proposed about the origin and historico-geographical background of the Mamasani tribal CONFEDERATION, its migration to Shulistan in the late Safavid period, and its political structure. Based on these hypotheses, the results show that in the aftermath of the late Safavid collapse of Mamasani chieftainship in Posht-e kuh in Kohgiluyeh, Mamasani tribes (Baksh, Javid, Rostam, Doshmanziyari) gradually entered to the region of Shulustan. After an early peaceful coexistence with Shuls, They overcame them and formed a new territory under their own chieftains. Consequently, the structure of the Mamasani tribal CONFEDERATION was shaped, consisting of four Mamasani tribes, one Lor tribe of Shul, and one Turkic tribe of Qashqai but due to lack of a single leadership, socio-political disintegration, and intratribal and extribal (with other tribes and the central government) conflicts were intensified.

Since the Iranian sources provide no information about the establishment of the Medes CONFEDERATION, carrying out a study on this issue is only possible through the non-Iranian sources; although these sources differ, regarding their antiquity, authenticity, the arguments provided, and the fashion of presenting the data. The works of the Greek historians, specifically those of Herodotus and Tacitus have been the focus of attention for long, having been mainly adduced by recent researchers. Despite the contemporary scholars’ tendency to adduce to the works of Herodotus more than any other historian, in order to reconstruct the Medes CONFEDERATION, it should be mentioned that the works of Herodotus must be adduced circumspectly. Therefore, the key to the proper understanding of the history of the Medes is the appropriate recognition of the sources, accompanied by a critical view towards them.

Objective: In the following study, the Determination and Ranking of Iran’ s football talent criteria from Iranian trainers of Asian football CONFEDERATION(AFC) eye sight is analyzed. Methodology: (the following study is of descriptive-analytic type. The dostdari and colleagues’ s (1391) questionnaire which has been confirmed by physical education experts was used to obtain data. The internal validity of the questionnaires was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha method (82. 0). The population of the research was 122 of Iranian trainers of Asian Football Federation Which were intended purpose and the total number. To describe the variables, descriptive statistic method and to test the research hypothesis in meaningful level (p< 0. 05), inferential statistics (Freidman test) was applied. Results: It showed in football talent, in priority, skill-individual technique criteria ( 34 / 5 ), skill-individual tactics (4/93), Anthropometric criteria (3/30), psychological criteria (3/19), physical-motion criterion (2/72) and society criterion (1/43) are considered to be important respectively. In skill-individual technique criterion (ball controlling) (3/68), in skill-individual tactics (Moves without the ball) (4/18), in anthropometric criteria (Stature) (4/84), in psychological criterion (deciding and selecting) (3/82), in physical-motion criteria (speed) (4/12) and sociological criterion (team work motivation) (3/89) are as the most important obtained parameters. Conclusion: Coaches and administrators designing football scouting for talent to find and select talented players pay attention to all the indices; because paying attention to these criteria and sub-criteria multiplies the success of talent plans.

Background: Ethics in medicine is of particular importance in Islamic culture. Physiotherapy is one area of medical sciences, which has grown dramatically in the recent years. Ethical principles of physiotherapy should be developed in accordance with Islamic culture and be provided to physiotherapists. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to define a set of ethical codes that could form physiotherapists’ performance structure and provide strategies for dealing with ethical challenges. Methods: This study aimed to compare the ethical principles presented by World CONFEDERATION for Physical Therapy to Islamic ethics. Results: The results revealed consensus and common principles between the professional ethics of World CONFEDERATION for Physical Therapy and Islamic culture. Conclusion: In metaphysical worldview, God’ s existence is the principle. Thus, the centrality of God is considered in all aspects, including individuals’ intentions. In contrast, man and the world are the center of non-divine worldviews. Therefore, this viewpoint towards one’ s profession, including physiotherapy, can lead to a gap in spiritual and emotional relationships.

The end of the First World War witnessed the disintegration of the Russian Empire. The October Revolution (1917) helped the disintegration and engulfed Russia in a bitter civil war. These developments persuaded the Iranian leaders in 1920 to send a high level delegate to Caucasia. The mission was headed by Seyyed Ziaeddin Tabatabaie who at that time was a radical nationalist journalist and held no official diplomatic post. The paper tries to explore Seyyed Zia's attempts during this mission. Seyyed Zia is mainly remembered in Iran for his role in the famous military coup in 1921 which brought ultimately the down fall of the Qajar Dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavy Dynasty.

Background: Health indicators and working conditions of midwives differ from each other in Turkey, Greece and Germany. This research is a comparison of midwifery undergraduate programs of three countries, and the conformity of the curriculum to International CONFEDERATION of Midwives’,(ICM) standards has been evaluated. Method: This research was prepared in partnership with a European Union Project. This comparative study evaluated midwifery school curricula based on core competencies for Midwifery Practice, which focuses on ICM's midwifery education curriculum updated in 2019. In this study, competencies specific to pre-pregnancy and prenatal care, competencies specific to care during childbirth and childbirth, and curriculum content related to competencies specific to ongoing care of women and newborns were investigated. Results: A large part of the curricular undergraduate programs of the three countries are at the level to meet the competencies set by the ICM. It has been observed that in subjects such as preparation for birth, supporting the mother's post-pregnancy mourning process that results in abortion, and postpartum baby loss, delivery techniques for the fetus in different presentations, appropriate manoeuvring and position change skills in emergency situations, newborn and adult advanced resuscitation skills, methods and techniques to reduce pain at birth there is no standard or no content. Conclusion: Educators need to focus on inadequate areas to educate students which can meet the qualifications specified by the ICM. Theoretical and practical skills used to train advanced midwives as well as the midwifery programs should be opened to take the internship opportunities into account.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the midwifery curriculum in Iran according to ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education. Methods: In this comparative study the Iranian midwifery education curriculum in the part of ‘ Competency in provision of care during pregnancy’ was compared against ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education (2010) by three researchers using a checklist. In both domains of basic knowledge (35 items) and skills (26 items), the entire Iranian midwifery curriculum was searched for similar content, as well as the number of related courses. Also evaluation was done for ‘ adequacy’ of each item by a 4 point Likert scale (adequate, relatively adequate, relatively inadequate, inadequate). Results: Quality assessment of the Iranian midwifery curriculum in terms of basic knowledge and skills regarding ‘ Competency in Provision of Care during Pregnancy’ showed that from 35 items in basic knowledge domain, 47. 57% were adequate, 15% relatively adequate, 2. 85% relatively inadequate and 2% were inadequate. In the domain of skills from 26 items, 53. 85% were adequate and 46. 15% were relatively inadequate. In relation to two items there was no related content in the Iranian curriculum including” signs of female genital cutting and its effects on reproductive health” and “ normal limits of results from community-relevant laboratory tests commonly performed in pregnancy” . Conclusion: The curriculum of midwifery education in Iran covers ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education (2010) in ‘ Competency in Provision of Care during Pregnancy’ except for two items. Therefore, not covering these important issues is one of the most noteworthy weaknesses of this curriculum and should be considered in the future reforms.

Iran's regional policy in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea underwent deep transformations in the 1940s/60s as a result of a series of internal developments and international approaches. The withdrawal of British forces from the Persian Gulf region and the Oman Sea and the emergence of a power vacuum, the issue of Bahrain and the formation of the South Persian Gulf Sheikh Federation were among the most important events that Iran was challenging and confronting in various ways. At the end of this decade, the small emirates south of the Strait of Hormuz, whose foreign and defense policy was managed by England and lacked independent political and administrative focus, demanded the formation of a kind of CONFEDERATION. Iran opposed the establishment of this CONFEDERATION. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for the strong opposition of the second Pahlavi government to the formation of the Federation of Persian Gulf Sheikhs at this point in time. In the end, it is concluded that due to the presence of Bahrain in this union, which Tehran considered to be part of its sovereignty, Iran opposed it, because from Tehran's point of view, Bahrain was considered a part of the country of Iran, and it was naturally possible to join it arbitrarily. T

At the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries in response to the complexities and problems of urbanization began their first actions of spatial planning. Switzerland is not excluded from this list and started spatial planning acts from the lowest level and today, after more than a century, is continuing with emphasis on spatial planning principles of sustainability, public and private partnerships and using extensive modeling and simulation techniques and progress. The purpose of this article is to introduce spatial planning system in this country, and consists of three main sections: the first section is a brief introduction on the political, geographical, economical and social Situations. In the second section, it examines the background, and difficulties of spatial planning system and section three has put forth some conclusions. Swiss spatial planning system is done in three levels: CONFEDERATION, Canton and Communes with emphasis on vertical and horizontal corporation at different levels of planning and autonomy of Cantons.