In the 17th century, the concept of natural education was proposed by Rousseau in Emil's book, and despite the public and private acceptance of this book since its publication, Researchers have different opinions about whether Rousseau's words were oriented towards individuality or the Collectivism of natural education.Although the scope of this controversy affects the whole of Rousseau's thought, an attempt has been made in this article After this issue is clearly stated in the book of Emil the opinion of, one of the most important contemporary commentators of Rousseau's educational views, Jürgen Oelkers, is given an example in favor of the individuality of Emil's natural education And with the help of her clarifications of Rousseau's educational views, a deeper understanding of Emile can be obtained, which can preserve the unity and coherence of Rousseau's thought in a lower layer; In this way, although individuality and population are natural characteristics of two distinct periods of the desire's development, But the principle of submission to necessity resonates throughout Emile, and it is this principle that keeps the unity of Rousseau's educational thought intact.

Individualism and Collectivism are among determining attitudes which play a fundamental role in the analysis of our actions and social dispositions. This article deals with the concept of social dilemma as a new concept applied to the topic of individualism and Collectivism. Social dilemma is a special kind of conflict between the individual and collective interests. If the individual, regardless of others choices, opts for the self interest as the best choice, and if the majority of the individuals opt for self interest, then there would be a situation where everyone is worse off, as compared to a situation where cooperation was adopted. The social dilemma is located in rational choice theory and can be examined through game theory and decision theory. Social dilemma can be defined from two different stand points: internal and external costs, and the prisoners’ dilemma. The most important types of social dilemma are common resources and public goods. In this article examples of social dilemma and its definitions are presented. In addition we offer a clear definition which can help us in the analysis of individualistic and collectivist trends in an actual society. The final part includes samples of researches that have applied this concept in social analysis successfully.

Michael Sandel is a famous contemporary political theoretician and philosopher who has explained his philosophical-political teachings with a clear and exemplary approach in numerous books. Sandel's efforts, whose main fame is due to his strength in expressing and moving the abstract topics of political philosophy to concrete social, political and economic issues, are always in line with explaining and recognizing the teachings of political philosophy, with a focus on the issue of pluralism, diversity and variety of communities. In this research, while benefiting from the descriptive-analytical method, we are evaluating and presenting the political philosophy of Collectivism and the idea of Michael Sandel as one of the contemporary normative approaches of social sciences in explaining political phenomena, and in the meantime, taking into account the central importance of the subject of human rights in political studies and the role of social cohesion in Sandel's thought, we seek to answer the question of what were the methodological components of socialism of Michael Sandel and what concept of human rights is acceptable in Michael Sandel's thought? We discuss the methodological principles and main concepts of congregationalism. Sandel and collectivist thinkers in general are structuralists in the field of methodology, whose level of analysis is not micro and macro, but local, and geography and environmental rationality are very important to them. The application of this approach instead of other theories of positivist and hermeneutic approaches, despite some intellectual resistance, seems to be able to obtain a native approach for understanding and policy-making in the pluralistic Iranian society and can be used as an interdisciplinary theory for humanities.

It has been long believed that the Japanese are typical collectivists whereas Americans are typical individualists. To examine the validity of this common view, Takano reviewed empirical studies that compared Japanese and Americans and found that the overwhelming majority of those studies had not supported the common view. Takano examined whether the common view that Japanese are more collectivistic than Americans is valid or not in line with such these respects. He pointed out that those empirical studies that were directly related to the commonly accepted definition of individualism and Collectivism did not support the common view and that those studies whose relations to individualism and Collectivism were merely inferred were inappropriate in judging its validity. Also, he showed that the reference-group effect cannot entirely explain the past questionnaire studies failure to support the common view. In the current paper, the focus is on the meaning of “ Collectivism“ , and it discusses the additional aspects of individualism/Collectivism. This paper also focuses on the Collectivism in Japanese business culture. The business culture in Japan stresses teamwork or Collectivism, which ranks in stark contrast to the sense of individualism that stems from individual liberty and freedom espoused by western culture. Japanese culture places high importance on teamwork based on their philosophy of “ wa” , or group harmony that holds the value of the greater good, as more important than valuing individual needs.

Explanations of social problems due to its complexity and many angles, requires interdisciplinary and integrated view of knowledge. The cultural patterns, involves integrating psychological and sociological approaches. Individualism-Collectivism cultural patterns that determine a person’s relationship with the community and participation in social activities, are the different levels of the social health. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of individualism-Collectivism, horizontal and vertical in social health of students. In a correlational study, 300 students (including 159 females and 141 males) with a mean age of 28.83 and standard deviation 6.8 were selected by random cluster sampling and social health questionnaire Collectivism (Triandis (Keyses, & Shapiro, 2004) and the scale of individualism et al, 1988) were assessed. In order to analyze the data by correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the vertical Collectivism and horizontal individualism are predictors of social health. The implications of findings were discussed.