In this paper an uncertain multi objective closed-loop supply chain is developed. The first objective function is maximizing the total profit. The second objective function is minimizing the use of row materials. In the other word, the second objective function is maximizing the amount of remanufacturing and recycling. Genetic algorithm is used for optimization; and for finding the pareto optimal line, Epsilon-Constraint method is used. Finally a numerical example is solved with proposed approach and performance of the model is evaluated in different sizes. The results show that this approach is effective and useful for managerial decisions.

Constrain is the condition of driven by necessity. The principle of Constraint determines the duties of the person constrained. In jurisprudence, it includes a range of activities from cleanness to blood compensation. However, jurisprudents have discussed it mainly with regard to those that can be eaten and drunk, and presented three different interpretations: fear of losing one"s life; fear in general, including fear of losing one"s life, or one"s limb, etc.; and fear of things not related to oneself but to others. The roots of Constraint are compulsion, precautionary concealment, loss and necessity. The present article deals with a kind of Constraint whose source is necessiy. The Qur"an has explicitly excused the person constrained from duties provided that the oppressor shows no inclination to sin. Tradition says that "there is so unlawful act that God Almighty has not made it permissible under Constraint." The intellect also knows it permissible to give up necessary duties and to do the unlawful acts under Constraint. Finally, the writer presents the conditions under which the application of the principle of constrain is made permissible.

The concept of design is associated with the notion of Constraint as a limiting factor, and the search for the Constraint in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of Constraints, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of Constraints in design: inside the designer’, s mind or internal Constraint and outside it or external Constraint. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal Constraints can be divided into deduced and subject Constraints, and external Constraints are categorised into imposed and intrinsic Constraints. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate Constraints in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem.

This study aims to describe and explain the metanarrative of the fundamental idea and concept of authority in traditional societies, art, and architecture. There is much evidence that the formation of art and architecture, the socio-professional organisation of craftsmen, class structure, and behaviours of the traditional societies was based on a hierarchical pyramid system of patterns or spiritual and material references. Based on the historical interpretation methods, this article investigates the role and influence of the three sources, namely, metaphysics, nature (macrocosm), and humans (microcosm), together with all the concepts, principles, and elements related to them on the theory and practice of artisans/ architects. The findings show that these authoritative sources, who reach a sacred status in a hierarchical system, have control over the formation of art/ architecture and the artisans' professional life. Indeed, the idea of authority played a decisive role and authority in organising the structure and content of artisans' guilds, granting holiness and legitimacy to their craft, determining authoritative models and patterns, and judging them. It seems that the theoretical formulation of the idea of authority and the concept of hierarchy of authoritative sources, in addition to describing some manners and principles of traditional professions, can provide a new explanation of the theoretical origins of the creation of form in the world of tradition.

University course timetabling problem is a challenging and time-consuming task on the overall structure of timetable in every academic environment. The problem deals with many factors such as the number of lessons, classes, teachers, students and working time, and these are influenced by some hard and soft Constraints. The aim of solving this problem is to assign courses and classes to teachers and students, so that the restrictions are held. In this paper, a Constraint programming method is proposed to satisfy maximum Constraints and expectation, in order to address university timetabling problem. For minimizing the penalty of soft Constraints, a cost function is introduced and AHP method is used for calculating its coefficients. The proposed model is tested on department of management, University of Isfahan dataset using OPL on the IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio platform. A statistical analysis has been conducted and shows the performance of the proposed approach in satisfying all hard Constraints and also the satisfying degree of the soft Constraints is on maximum desirable level. The running time of the model is less than 20 minutes that is significantly better than the non-automated ones.