During the Qajar period, Britain and Russia established a Consulate in Iran based on the Kā melat al-Wadā d (Most-favored-Nations Clause) concession. Consulates were usually set up for commercial purposes, but the reports and activities of such institutions went far beyond business motives and goals. The present study intends to discuss the British Consulate in Mashhad and seeks an answer to the question: What were the motives and goals of the British Consulate in Mashhad? Examining the sources, it was hypothesized that the British Consulate in Mashhad was established for commercial and political purposes and to strictly supervise Russian actions in the region, but beyond that it had comprehensive intelligence, security and executive functions in Khorasan province. The research data were provided by library data, from historical sources as well as two categories of Persian and English documents, and have been discussed by the method of causal explanation, in the context of British-Russian competition. The results of the discussion indicate that British agents, in competition with Russia, set up a Consulate in Mashhad. Under the guise of establishing a Consulate in Mashhad, the British set up an intelligence network to monitor Russia's activities in Central Asia and Iran’ s northeastern borders in order to thwart Russian anti-British actions in the area. In addition, by establishing a Consulate in Mashhad, while supporting British citizens, they removed the barriers to trade between Iran and Britain in this area.

Great game or competition between imperial expansionists, Russia and Britain, in the nineteenth century, to get the thorough control of the Central Asia, was the fact that Iran was unwillingly involved in it. Strategy, rules and tactics of the game, which are defined over the period of time and changed in terms of conditional requirements, including the establishment of political representatives and Consulates of the two powers in Iran. In the Qajar era, governments of Britain and Russia, after the establishment of the political representatives in Tehran, due to their benefits, attempted to inaugurate gradually the Consulate in the city of Rasht which in the beginning of the twentieth century changed into the widespread networks throughout the country. The current study, through application of historical, descriptive, and analytical approaches as well as using library resources and archival documents, examines the causes of the establishment of the Consulate in Rasht and functions assigned to it. This study shows that the inauguration of the Consulate in Rasht by England or Russia are more due to the political and strategic goals of these two governments than any other elements.

The city of Vladikavkaz, founded during the expansion of the Russian Empire to the Caucasus in the late eighteenth century, gradually attracted immigrants from inside and outside the empire. This city, especially since the second half of the nineteenth century, became one of the destinations for permanent and temporary migrations from Persia. With the increase of the Iranian population in Vladikavkaz and the surrounding areas, the Iranian Consulate was established there in 1897. The aim of this study is to provide a general overview of the activities of Iranian officials and immigrants in Vladikavkaz since the establishment of the Iranian Consulate in 1897 until the collapse of the Tsarist Empire and the outbreak of civil war in Russia based on the consular records in the archive of Iran’ s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through its efforts to establish and maintain a Shia mosque, Nowruz School, and Hemmat Association, the Iranian Consulate played an important role in supporting solidarity among the Iranian diaspora in the city and protecting the rights of the Iranian citizens. However, the affairs with the Russian Empire, hostility and rivalry inside the Iranian Foreign Ministry, and financial problems were the main challenges faced by the Persian consul in Vladikavkaz.

Purpose: To investigate the event of taking sanctuary in the British Consulate by Iranian merchants; and the actions taken by Iranian Ulama residing in (Karbala and Najaf) to support them.Method and Research Design: Data gathered from library materials and archival records kept in the Iranian Foreign Affairs Ministry.Findings and Conclusion: Iranian merchants and tradespeople residing in Karbala protested against extra taxes but Ottoman authorities in Baghdad reacted violently and killed a number of them. Different groups containing Iranian Ulama in Atabat and Parliamentary representatives complained about this. These reactions led to the displacement of the Baghdad governor and to removing extra taxes. Slow and insufficient reaction by the Iranian diplomatic staff led to merchants' taking sanctuary from violence.

The competition between Russia and England in Iran for the purpose of developing possessions and concluding concession contracts started from the beginning of the Qajar period in the 19th century and gradually intensified. One of the factors that intensified the rivalry between Russia and England in Iran was the issue of India. British to protect India and Russians to disturb the British in India were applying many policies in parts of Iran. The issue of India and some other factors caused the rivalry between Russia and England in the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to be more concentrated in the eastern regions of Iran, especially Sistan. The competition of these two European countries in the east of Iran had reached such a height that they established a Consulate in Sistan to achieve their goals. By establishing a Consulate in Sistan, these two great colonial powers, on the one hand, wanted to know about the plans of the rivals and on the other hand, sought to advance their goals and interests. The confrontation between the Russian and British Consulates in Sistan along with the positions of the central government of Iran and the local rulers of the region caused complex relations between these two Consulates in Sistan. The most important issue of the present article is what was the relationship between the Russian and British Consulates in Sistan? The assumption of this article is that the relations between the Russian and British Consulates in Sistan were more competitive and confrontational. Of course, they interacted with each other regarding cultural issues and political issues in emergency situations. This writing has been done in a historical method with a descriptive-analytical method using library sources and documents

The Constitutional Movement, although it had its origin in Tehran, extended to other cities, including Kermanshah. The Constitutional Movement and its aftermath had a profound effect on Kermanshah's internal affairs, and the people of this city were converging with the Constitutional Movement, and this convergence emerged in the form of a militancy between the people and the city rulers who were tyrants. The chaos and turmoil resulting from riots in the city incurred losses and damages to the people, but did not turn them away from the constitutionalists, and with the intensification of constitutionalist thought and behavior, they continued to follow the ideals of the constitutionalist leaders in Kermanshah. However, during the period of Minor Despotism, Kermanshah became involved in many riots that aggravated the tribes and put the city's internal security and economic situation at a disadvantage. Using a library-based method, this research uses historical and documentary knowledge to study the political situation of Kermanshah in the years 1324 to 1327 AH, the constitutional events in Iran, and to investigate the causes of its chaos and internal conflicts. Analyzes and explains. The findings of the study show that due to the Kermanshah people's association with the constitutional movement, the consequences of it were the internal struggle of influential forces and the activation of tribal chiefs and the turbulence of the city's political situation, and it was the city's turmoil caused by personal hostilities of dignitaries and clashes between rival tribes that formed the urban structure of Kermanshah city. .

Documents play an important role in recognizing historical events and developments, and without examining them, many facts of the past remain hidden from the view of researchers. The purpose of this article is to read and recognize the detailed and very valuable report of Mr. Koleh, Inspector General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran, on the Iranian Consulates in the Ottoman Empire. This report provides valuable information about the times and conditions of Muslim and Armenian Iranians in the Ottoman Empire, the misconduct of Iranian and Ottoman agents towards Iranian citizens in that land, fraud and corruption among the officials of these two countries, the impact of constitutionalism and subsequent developments on the Ottoman Iranians, and the Ottoman officials’ abuses of  the agitated and disturbed condition of Iran by violating the rights of the Iranians in the Ottoman territory and the way of organizing the passport laws and the chancellor's income in the Iranian Consulates.

Documents play an important role in recognizing historical events and developments, and without examining them, many facts of the past remain hidden from the view of researchers. The purpose of this article is to read and recognize the detailed and very valuable report of Mr. Koleh, Inspector General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran, on the Iranian Consulates in the Ottoman Empire. This report provides valuable information about the times and conditions of Muslim and Armenian Iranians in the Ottoman Empire, the misconduct of Iranian and Ottoman agents towards Iranian citizens in that land, fraud and corruption among the officials of these two countries, the impact of constitutionalism and subsequent developments on the Ottoman Iranians, and the Ottoman officials’ abuses of  the agitated and disturbed condition of Iran by violating the rights of the Iranians in the Ottoman territory and the way of organizing the passport laws and the chancellor's income in the Iranian Consulates.

The 19th century, during the Qajar period, was the birthplace of colonial powers, especially Russia and England, in Iran. The conflict and confrontation of the main actors of this colonialism led to the separation of vast parts of eastern Iran. Sistan was no exception to this rule. The British, in line with their policy of creating buffer states and protecting India, despite the insistence of Naser al-Din Shah, divided Sistan into Main Sistan and Outer Sistan. After these divisions, and to weaken the Russians in Sistan and keep them away from India, they established offices such as the Consulate and the Bank of Iran and Britain. This article aims to understand the architectural features of these two buildings and the extent of their influence on the vernacular architecture of the region. The research method is descriptive-analytical, relying on documentary and library studies, content analysis of historical texts, and data collection through documented and historical methods. Additionally, part of the data collection is done using observation and interviews. Studies show that in constructing these two buildings, the British, in addition to paying attention to the general architectural type of buildings built by themselves in other colonial areas, also considered the region's vernacular architecture and the climatic conditions of Sistan.

Constitution movement became cause encounter between both thought and method in government. Although source it was in Tehran, but created encounter between despotism and constitution and their adherents in capital that cause reactions became in other Iran cities. Certainly this encounter appeared with due attention to level of social that in various cities was and to form contrast was with city despotic governors. Result riots and disturbances of this contrasts in city surface became cause people lost, but don’t turn Kermanshah people back of constitutionalist and consistently of chiefs and leaders Kermanshah constitutionalist followed. Although despotic chieftains and city governors with tribes could crowd prepared that riots expanded. This research to deal with situation Kermanshah city in periods that constitution command issued and Until at bombard assembly continued. Question propound that whether did attend in Kermanshah city with constitution revolution or differences between constitutionalist and opponents were tensions that between tribes. It deals with, in Kermanshah, situation of city convulsed by reason of attendant with constitution revolution, so that collation between specter constitutionalist and despotic of city had begun of selection for deputy of the parliament.