Background and Objectives: Cryptorchidism is the most common urogenital anomaly which has been evaluating in childhood. Understanding the hormonal, molecular and genetic predisposing factors is important to treat and protect this anomaly. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptorchidism in male members of the Crypt orchid children’s families.Materials and Methods: A total of 1410 members of the Cryptorchid patients treated between 2005 and 2007 were observed for presence of Cryptorchidism.Results: There were 107 cases of Cryptorchidism among male members of the Cryptorchid children’s families (7.5%).Conclusion: In comparison with the prevalence of Cryptorchidism in East Azarbaijan province (1.35%), the familial prevalence is 5.6 fold higher. This may imply a probable genetic predisposition.

Thought of birth and death was one of the first human thought that tradition and philosophical schools tried to explain or find answer for it. Vitalization of sun leads to worshipping of sun and even to bury the dead on the special way that keeps their relation with sun.One of the most interesting parts of story of poem of BahmanNameh is description of Iranshah from Rostams' Crypt and corpse. Corpse of this Crypt are buried on the special way. How body of Rostam's family buried on the Crypt and even some of other reasons seems that likely this family were followers of Mitra tradition. However, in this paper, clear relationship of burial of dead in Rostam's Crypt with Mitra tradition is investigated.

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” (1902-1999), a critic following content criticism, reviews the quality of understanding of authors of different Times (periods) and attempted to have a better angle of “world of awareness” of author and a more exact reading of text by analyzing the apprehension of story characters.“Hooshang Golshiri” is one of Iran modern story writers who - using stream of consciousness method- designs his contemporary human identity and his/her apprehension. His story characters are all somehow involved with Time. Using analytic-descriptive method and based on Paulet attitude, the current article reviews Golshiri idea about Time in his story of “A Crypt for otter”. This review shows that Golshiri reflects a special kind of Time in story writing that is different from usual and routine Time. Imagination, love, expectation and hope to reform things and persons are some outstanding features of such a Time. However, a pure moment which Golshiri and his heroes seek never occurs in moment of living and this time cannot save them too.

Background and Aim: A developing odontogenic cyst known as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) originates from the remains of dental lamina. Its aggressive pattern of expansion and high recurrence rate differentiate it from other odontogenic cysts. Herein, we describe a large OKC in the mandibular ramus, close to the condyle, in a juvenile patient with a third molar Crypt. Age and sex of patient, and size, location, and fast development of this lesion were different compared with previously reported OKCs. Our management strategy aimed to maintain the mandible's natural dentition, form, function, and continuity. Case Presentation: The conservative strategy of marsupialization and decompression, which results in final total clearance of the cystic lesion, is one of the treatment strategies for OKC. Segmental resection, en bloc, and complex procedures are other treatment options. Surgical enucleation of the lesion and subsequent marsupialization were conducted effectively in this case. After a lengthy follow-up, there was no recurrence. Conclusion: A detailed comprehension of the nature of the lesion supported by a strong clinical history and cutting-edge radiography may greatly aid the physician in making the appropriate treatment decision for patient's long-term interests.

Death as the obscure mystery of existence overshadowed the ambience of Shahnameh and in the throes of the book's events human being ever capitulates to it. Besides studying the belief in death among people, the present article tries to tackle the following issues: holding 'farewell to the dead' ceremonies, its rituals as well as the manner of holding mourning ceremonies, duration and its mores and the manner of its termination. These issues are studied with due attention to the effects of culture and ethnic-tribal features.

According to the teachings of Zoroastrianism, to prevent contamination of the four sacred elements, the dead should be placed in the open air or under sunlight. This was Zoroastrians' most common ritual method related to the deceased during the Islamic era. The deceased was placed in an open circular space on the mountaintop for the birds to eat them. This research aims to identify, introduce, and examine such buildings' uses and architectural structures. These buildings have been described and analyzed using field surveys, documentary studies, plans, maps, and images. The results show that the Zoroastrian Crypts of Kerman have special features compared to other Crypts in different parts of Iran. The ancient beliefs of the people of the south of Iran were also used in the construction of these Crypts. According to these beliefs, the Khorfastaran, or demonic animals come from the north (Apakhtar). For this reason, the doors of the Crypts were opened towards the midday (south) or the morning (west). Here, the location of two Crypts with two architectural styles, Indian and Iranian, next to each other is interesting. The path to the Crypt from inside the Gabr district of Kerman (the oldest Zoroastrian settlement in the city) is still visible and its stations are available. In addition, in Kerman, Crypts are located both in the highlands and in the plains. The use of Crypts existed among the Zoroastrians of Kerman until ninety years ago, when, with the efforts of Lord Kaykhosrow Shahrokh, Crypt burial was transformed into burial.

Aim: The present study aimed to detect key candidate genes and pathways involved in colorectal aberrant Crypt foci-to-adenoma-tocarcinoma progression. Background: Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer, the involved signaling pathways and driver-genes remain largely unclear. CRC begins with the malignant transformation of precancerous lesions including aberrant Crypt foci (ACF) and benign adenomatous polyp or adenoma Methods: A list of formerly reported ACF, adenoma, and CRC-associated proteins was obtained from GeneCards, and then the data in online David Bioinformatics Resources was analyzed. The protein-protein interactions were surveyed utilizing String database and Cytoscape software. After hubs and bottlenecks were recognized, the key genes and pathways were identified through different bioinformatics analysis. Results The most important pathways associated with colorectal aberrant Crypt foci-to-adenoma progression were attributed to “ pathways in cancer” and “ chemokine signaling pathway” and those in adenoma-to-carcinoma progression were related to “ pathways in cancer, ” “ chemokine signaling pathway, ” and “ Ras signaling pathway. ” The genes participating in these pathways are key ones. Furthermore, PRKACB, CUL2, and GSK3B were significant as the seed in the clusters related to adenoma and GNB1, RALBP1, ROCK1, and IKBKG in the clusters related to cancer. Conclusion: The key candidate genes and pathways in progress CRC formed precursor lesions were identified by integrated bioinformatics analysis. The results could lead to a better understanding of the cause and underlying molecular events as well as detection of therapeutic targets for CRC.

The San Rossam Crypt is located in the Hozmanvand Gorge, on the west bank of the Jezman River, on the nomadic route that passes through this gorge. This nomadic route connects the northern plains, namely Halashi and Mayasht (Mahidasht), with the southern areas, namely Holeylan and neighboring areas, and is of strategic importance. San Rossam is a type of free Crypt. This Crypt has a rectangular cube shape and its entrance is facing north. The Jezman River flows from the south and behind it. This issue, along with other factors, such as the fact that it was created next to the nomadic route, makes its use as a tomb doubtful. According to its location, it probably has had other functions. Possibly, this Crypt was a place for guarding, resting (like Taq-e Gara), and grain storage, or according to local narratives, it was a religious and ritual place. Some details of this Crypt, such as the entrance shape, the cradle arch, and the construction method, are similar to some Crypts. Besides, the method of removing the loose parts of the rock on the sides of the cellar is similar to the methods of separating stone blocks in the mines of this area and neighboring areas. These characteristics attribute the age of this Crypt to the second half of the Parthian period.