Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been proven as an excellent data-oriented efficiency analysis method when multiple inputs and outputs are present in a set of decision making units (DMUs). In conventional DEA we assume that the produced outputs are perfect. However in real applications, there are systems which their produced outputs are possibly imperfect and DEFECTIVE. These outputs enter the system as inputs once again and after rebuilding, they will be completed. The present paper proposes a modification of the standard DEA model to incorporate such imperfect outputs. Numerical example is used to demonstrate the approach.

The main question of this article is what is good governance and what are its differences with bad governance? This article was compiled based on sources and library study in the field of governance . In the explanation of the article, descriptive-analytical methodology with the aim of examining two categories of DEFECTIVE governance and optimal governance. The findings and conclusions show that the development and progress as well as the backwardness of any nation is rooted in the country's governance. It is the quality and function of governance that determines whether governance is desirable or DEFECTIVE. Good governance requires the use of a set of policies and strategies in order to increase the efficiency and performance of the government in satisfying the people, also increasing the competition in the political and economic fields, as well as making the government more responsive and efficient and modern. DEFECTIVE governance, which occurs by putting pressure on the people and imposing the desires of the rulers on different strata, causes a decrease in national satisfaction and a decrease in the performance as well as inefficiency of the government compared to other competing countries. In DEFECTIVE governance, those who have more qualifications and professional competence are left aside and those who have less competence take over the administration of the country's affairs. The results of this article will be able to evaluate, guide or modify a wide range of actions needed in the field of governance in the form of recommendations and policy packages.

he Cuckoo of Faith is one of the curses who have given the Shari'a and consequently the law and the foundation of the rationale for the customer. In the event of a product being DEFECTIVE, the customer will be in a position to terminate the contract and / or to obtain an order and sign the contract. By contrast, any verb and manipulation that, in the common sense of the people, imply the abandonment of obligations and obligations, will deprive them of the right to reject and commit to a transaction. One of the things that causes the right to decline is to seize it in such a way as to cause the same change. This change should be in such a way that the other is not the same as the original condition that was traded. The common sense of the mind ignores the slight changes, and any loss of the attribute of health or the adjective of perfection also accompanies the change at the same time and causes the fall of the right to reject. On the other hand, if a number of transactions are made on this basis, the customer can return the goods and cancel the transaction and cancel the transaction until it has remained in its original condition and has the possibility and ability to return to the bank. To restore.

One of the most important challenges facing governments is corruption, which includes embezzlement, fraud, rent-seeking, misuse and betrayal of the treasury. The present study, by interviewing with the eight people accused of economic corruption, seeks to investigate the most important implications that have led to economic corruption. Samples were selected with purposeful method sampling and interviewed in depth. Following the analysis of the data, the conditions and contexts leading to corruption have been extracted with the three general themes of "corrupt personalities", "unsuccessful discriminatory organizations" and "dysfunctional structures of corruption". "Negative mindset", "mindfulness", "reduction of work ethic and conscience" and "dangerous elites" have been identified as the characteristics of corrupting personalities. "Internal discrimination", "partisanship", "illegality of managers", "weak organizational structure", "incompetence", poor support and living conditions of employees ", " working conditions "and" trapping "have been extracted as various dimensions of failing organizations. "Incompetent managers", "weak enforcement", "weak monitoring systems", "corrupt network relations", "bus management" and "kinship" have also been identified as dimensions of a dysfunctional corruption structure. Corruption is intertwined as a network, meaning that none of the organizational and structural levels and personality traits of perpetrators, their will and motivation alone can cause corruption, but these levels can A network structure and an aggravating or aggravating relationship become the bedrock of committing corruption.