The common method for making compound words in Farsi is combination of single verbal or non-verbal lexicons or single bases of lexicons. All of the seven compartments of Farsi have a high potential for combinations. So far a lot of research has been written on the combination of some compartments of Farsi such as the verb, adjective and noun, yet there has been little research done on the other fields. The study of words which are derived out of pronoun, preposition, and semi-sentences paves the path for the combination of these linguistic compartments, in addition to showing the significance of this issue as a topic in research. This article intends to discuss the significance and potential of combination of DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns in Farsi, while expressing their type and role through discussing them in some samples of the contemporary Farsi prose.

This article understands the consumption situation of Zanjan urban society and has been done with the aim of examining of Embeddedness of DEMONSTRATIVE consumption. The study was conducted qualitatively in 1399. The study population is citizens (with university education) 20-65 age in Zanjan. Samples selected by theoretical and purposive sampling and following the theoretical saturation rule, they finished in the tenth person. Data collection tools and methods are open questionnaire and semi-structured interview.The validity of the instrument was assessed by reliability criteria and analytical comparison and audit techniques and interviews were recorded by taking notes and recording audio. Coding and analysis have been done in granded theory. Findings with 9 main categories and 21 subcategories showed the manifestation of DEMONSTRATIVE consumption in cultural and social elements. The main categories related to cultural elements, showed "prevalence of norms of DEMONSTRATIVE consumption" and "formation of new needs and belief in satisfying needs through DEMONSTRATIVE consumption" that follows "changes in the norms of social acquisition and mobility"and They lead to the "conscious surrender or choice of DEMONSTRATIVE consumption beliefs"."Financial constraints are not a determining factor, but only an intervention".The main categories related to social elements, first, they showed the "role of social relations in the occurrence of DEMONSTRATIVE consumption" along with "evaluative contradictions" and "contradictions of social provocations".and then they showed humor with the help of "imaginary irritability".

Adjective is one of the categories of Persian language that has different types and is discussed from different points of views. DEMONSTRATIVE, interrogative and exclamatory adjectives are three types of non-rhetorical adjectives that have undergone some structural and functional changes from the past to the present. These adjective categories have remained with the same structures or functions of the past or have undergone more or fewer changes over time. The investigation of these three adjective categories along with an historical account of the literary works could be revealing for readers. The present study, drawing on various types of literary texts, mainly the masterpieces of their own periods, on the one hand analyzes the structures and functions of the three adjectives categories, and on the other hand, makes it possible for the readers to figure out the differences and similarities from one period to the other. Since a deep analysis of the three grammatical categories requires a wide literary corpus, the researchers decided to broaden their corpus and examine various types of texts.

'Dhalik al-Kitab' (That Book) and other similar phrases at the opening verses of some Quranic Surahs have long been debated by Muslim commentators as to what these far DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns refer to. The present paper studies these phrases in the relevant Surahs through comparing them. It concludes that the meaning and referent of these phrases are not the existing Quran, but the Guarded Tablet and Divine knowledge. It seems that the reason for the revelation of such phrases was the doubts cast by polytheist audience on the origin of the Holy Quran, who said it was not revealed by God and angles; rather, it is satanic aspiration to the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny).

It is similar to the reading or ta'ziyeh of authentic Iranian art created to disseminate the culture and concepts of Ashura centuries after the real Ashura. A phenomenon that results from a combination of Islamic thought and doctrine and Islamic teachings can be explored in different aspects. There are many ambiguities and questions about the formation of this theatrical ritual, including what we see today as ta'ziyeh or similitude for the first time in history? The Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar periods are the most likely courses that have drawn contradictory opinions from experts. Finding the answer to this question will first show the antiquity of this theatrical ritual and secondly prove the Iranian authenticity of the art against the assumption that it is imitative from the West. A review of the expert opinion, historical documents and reports, and tourists' travelogues in this study will guide us to the end of Zand era in a library and analytical and descriptive manner to answer this question.

According to Halliday’ s and R. Hassan’ s theory (1976), “ Substitution” is a kind of grammatical coherence means to be placed into the text instead of the others as well as to be represented into context by different shapes such as: nominal, verbal, sentential and clausal. DEMONSTRATIVE nouns are applied in Qur’ an as different substitutable shapes in order to be increased their semantic and rhetorical capacities more and more. So, they will play main role in having coherence and consistency of the signs, on the other hand by breaking down the grammatical structure of context, they can create linear systems and grid order semantically in addition to prominence, dynamism, acronym and figurative ambiguity. Here, we are going to survey the problem in relation to substitution of DEMONSTRATIVE nouns within “ Haj” surah and also to survey the quality of their translations during three given ones based on Halliday’ s and Hassan’ s theory in order to clarify the rate of translators’ success in clarification of meaning and rhetorical concepts of these elements. For this purpose, we chose two translations by Fouladvand and Khorramshahi and the literary one by Mohaddes Dehlavi. The results show Fouladvand could create coherent equivalence somewhat using of clarification of meaning and regarding the rhetorical concepts. Mohaddes Dehlavi could create cohesion somewhat by clarification and enlightenment in target text. But, Khorramshahi couldn’ t do these in relation to DEMONSTRATIVE nouns despite being his literary translation. So, this makes his translation unconventional.

Meanings and applications of the letters and their usage have significant role in the interpretation and eloquence of the Old Persian texts. Bayhaghi's History is one of the most exquisite texts in Persian prose in which the letter “ra” has been extensively used. Some of the applications of “ra” in that book and afterwards is current in its contemporary texts. However, in some cases the usage of “ra” is specific to its own context. In any case, "ra" appears in the form of preposition, DEMONSTRATIVE, emphatic, and so on. The verb accompanying “ra” has effective role in recognizing the meaning and its application.

In the 3rd issue of the Journal of Language Science, Ehsan Changizi wrote a review on the Aban Yasht written by Changiz Mowlaee. In the 4th issue of the same journal, Mowlaee wrote a critique of that review and evaluated it as being false and incorrect in terms of its contents. In Mowlaee’ s response, some subjects of the Avestan language are propounded that must be examined in more detail and be analyzed from the linguistic point of view. In the present article, the most important points are categorized in six classes, but under each subject the other subjects such as phoneme and sound, root, enclitic, clitic and host, relative pronoun or DEMONSTRATIVE pronoun ya, copula verb and attributive clause, predicate possession, enclitic pronoun mē and functions of ethical dative are also discussed. In these discussions it has become clear that for studying ancient texts it is necessary to be familiar with generalities of linguistics. It is only by using modern linguistic issues that one can study the Avestan language free from its rules of writing system. For instance, in Avestan writing system the enclitic pronouns are written separately from their hosts and after each of them a dot has been written. In transcribing the ancient texts, on the other hand, these pronouns should be written connected to their hosts since the pronounced form of the ancient texts is shown in the transcription.

Russell's philosophy can be divided into two distinct periods. In the first period, under the influence of his predecessors, he endeavored to preserve foundationalism and in the second period, he tries to minimize foundationalism. In his early works, he accepts induction because of its inherent intuition and widespread use in life and considers inductive inferences as probable, not certain. But in the second period, by analyzing empirical phenomena, he likes what a pure empiricist would do, infer the postulates that are the bases of empirical sciences. These postulates have a supra-logical nature, and interestingly, induction is not among these postulates. In fact, according to Russell, the science and the ordinary understanding that are resulted by non-DEMONSTRATIVE inference require these postulates. In this paper, we try to understand Russell's notions on induction, therefore, we investigate it in detail in the mentioned two distinct periods. For the first period, Russell's notions and one of the examples of probabilistic proofs presented for it will be presented. And for the second period, his reasons for changing his approach and his new perspective, as well as the supra-logical postulates governing the non-DEMONSTRATIVE, along with some of their properties, are presented. And finally, though briefly, some of the criticisms are discussed.