Analyzing administrative DOCUMENTS holds significant importance within the realms of archaeology and sociology, akin to the study of other archaeological evidence. These examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, social dynamics, economic structures, and political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils the intricate social intricacies and the supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, and diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative DOCUMENTS. However, the exploration and investigation of such cultural data in northwestern Iran remain relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study endeavors to present, evaluate, and scrutinize the administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in northwestern Iran, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding the administrative records and evidence pertaining to the later prehistory of northwest Iran. Ambiguity surrounds the quantification of Chalcolithic administrative DOCUMENTS within this region. Furthermore, the methodology for analyzing and evaluating the ownership and managerial evidence from the later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing these uncertainties can establish a definitive framework and a solid foundation for investigating these matters in northwest Iran. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, and others, the authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in the northwestern region of Iran. Furthermore, utilizing extant cultural artifacts and drawing upon the outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, social intricacies, and cultural exchanges with neighboring areas

Transmission of electronic DOCUMENTS like: Bills of exchange, promissory notes, currency transfers and contracts have been commonly used through corresponding establishments (e.g. SWIFT) in Europe, the United States and even in Asia. This evolution faces the challenge of digital technology towards communication of intention and will as well as contract formation in private law because of the potential of error in computer systems. So, no coordination of offer and acceptance will be possible. Presently, the scope of electronic commerce regulations in international commerce affairs has been developing and moving towards uniformity. So, considering and analyzing digital. technology beside the private law is necessary. And, we can use the fundamental principles and certainty of private law to interpret and comment on contracts in the case of differences and conflicts derived from the rules of electronic and private law.      

Under Qajar dynasty, Azerbaijan state was a princedom. It had a small governmental system, similar to Tehran government house (Darol-khalafe), which was a kingdom and was called royal house (Darol-saltaneh). The entourages of the crown prince comprised of other princes or the people possessed high positions in the government. Under the crown princedom of Mozafaredin Mirza, among whom, who processed high positions, Hamze Mirza Heshmatoldoleh, Naseredin Shah’s uncle, and prince Malek Qasem Mirza, the 70th son of FathAli Shah, could be named. Due to being in the neighborhood of the great governments of the time, Russia and Osmani, the capital city of Azerbaijan state, that was Tabriz royal house, had grave importance. Such was this importance that, while in other important cities the foreign countries consuls were employed, in Tabriz general consuls pursuit the benefits of their own countries.A glance at the lives of these privileged high position people, who seated at royal house, as well as other government agents, clarifies the interesting point that they were usually under the debt of foreigner citizens, who resided in Azerbaijan. They borrowed money from them, gave them the receipt and, as they were unable to pay their debt back on due time, the discount rate would add to the amount of the money they had borrowed and would increase their debt. It’s also notable that, in the case that the obligor high position person died or was called to some other city, according to the treaties the government had concluded with those countries, the tax office (divankhane), which was responsible to gather the taxes and to manage the country budget and financial affairs, was obliged to pay back the debts to foreigner citizens.Following, I have presented three DOCUMENTS belonging to those days, so that the readers can judge for themselves.

As we know, the validity and credit of ancertificate (official document) is supposed as one of its most important effects, but in some cases, in order to protect the rights of individuals, the legislator has been able to abandon this value and the credit of the official document. Regarding to the fact that the rules and regulations are formally and naturally expandedon the adjusting or setting of official DOCUMENTS, their violation, wrongly orfaultily, in addition to be supposed as an offense or a crime, can also lead to the cancellation of that document.But it should be noted that the occurrence of any violation cannot be considered as a cancellation of official DOCUMENTS. The most obvious cases that could lead to the cancellation of an official document are the issuance of proprietary DOCUMENTS. This is due to the misconduct or violation of the competent authorities. However, the legal formalities for the adjustment of official DOCUMENTS are completely obvious and clear. But, the effects of the revocation of these DOCUMENTS are important for the beneficiaries and relevant authorities. This ambiguity leads to waste of cost and time, confusion, disagreement, and prolongation of the investigation process. So, in this paper, the elements and attributes of the proprietary DOCUMENTS, the invalidation process, and its effects, are cited with a documentary evidence of the Supreme Court to identify the optimal result.

Patents are considered as the most important kind of Intellectual Properties (IPs). The Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is the logical and legal way of protecting the IPs. Patents and related DOCUMENTS are regarded as the best and rich source of technical and scientific information. In most developing countries, as well as in Iran, the patent information has not found their true operational values. To be able to reach and have access to this information, and consequently assess the state-of-the-art information, a professional searching process should be conducted. It can be showed that patent searching is a professional task and needs experience and skills. This paper discusses the important aspects of the patent DOCUMENTS and the mechanism of skilled searching method, and illustrates examples of searching frameworks for better mining of scientific information.

This paper investigates text DOCUMENTS regarding their topic density. It has divided them into two groups: dense and sparse DOCUMENTS. Dense DOCUMENTS are texts with a wide domain of topics. They have a high topic density (for example religious books, encyclopedia, magazine archives, etc ). We have shown that a) traditional methods cannot be used for topic specific of dense texts, and b) we can benefit from employing the efficiency of the proposed method (Nasir) for dense texts.In this research, we have used dependency relations, paths, triple databases and statistical text processing methods to extract important words and to insert them into a clustering index. Also a method was described to find the reference of pronouns in dense texts. In addition, based on the suggested methods, a prototype system called Nasir was implemented. The result of the implementation on Persian dense texts shows that the quality of indexing and searching improved significantly.

Purpose: Introducing recognition systems and retrieval systems for Farsi printed document images and categorizing conducted researches with identifying strengths and weaknesses points of each category and presenting a retrieval system for Farsi printed document images in a new way. Methodology: This paper is an applied research. An application designed and implied for Farsi printed document images retrieval. A new method in segmentation approach presented and implemented. A database including 50 Farsi DOCUMENTS scanned in 5 fonts provided for training and testing levels. Half of this database is used for training and other half for testing. Findings: Persian printed document image recognition and retrieval systems follow one of three approaches: based on segmentation, based on sub-word shape and hybrid approach. The first approachhas received less attention dueto specific challenges. In this paper a system based on segmentation proposed and implemented and the results presented. Conclusion: Results show that proposed system is anuseful method to Implement recognition systems and retrieval systems for Farsi printed document images.

Photography camera was presented to the Qajar court in mid December1842 as a gift and since photography received the royal attention of Nasseredin Shah, it grew rapidly and became institutionalized. Among various functions of photography in the nineteenth century, in the beginning, taking women's picture was in contradiction with the women's representation in the west was raised as a cultural issue. Photography of women was almost impossible for fear of women sitting in front of camera, male photographer and published their photos. The joy and Nasseredin Shah's tend and his superior situation made first steps in breaking this cultural taboo and his taking photos of his women of the Harem became the beginning of taking women's photos by photography camera in Iran. He would personally take pictures of the members of his seraglio. Underneath most pictures of the women of his seraglio which exist in the collection of his photographs in the royal collection, he points out in his own handwriting that he has personally taken the pictures (not another male photographer). Two teenager eunuchs had helped to shah when he wanted to be in some photos next to his wives or in developing and print. Nasseredin shah felt that he should allot a special place for a studio. For this reason he designated a place in the yard of Golestan Palace to studio. It was next to Shamsol Emareh Building; naming it as the Majesty's Royal Studio. Agha Reza Akkas Bashi was the first professional photographer in Iran. He became the manager of the first Royal studio. He would take all the photos desired by Nasseredin shah in this studio, except photography of women. New DOCUMENTS have been investigated in this research evidence because Royal studio was far away from Harem and for Islamic limitation Nasseredin Shah reserved an area of his Harem for photography studio. Harem studio designated to photography of the women of his seraglio and had been managed by Amineh Aghdas one of the influential and famous women in the court. These DOCUMENTS consist of architectural DOCUMENTS of royal palace (Golestan Palace) and some telegraphs from Nasseredin Shah that had sent to his wives, especial Amine Aghdas, during Nasseredin Shah's travel to the west. The frequent trips of noble Iranian in the west and three trips to the western countries by shah put us in the path of sudden storm of modernity and modernism was formed in shape of arrival of western images in Iran. Taking photos of women in this cultural- social change cycles by the upper class people with expenses of traveling west left the walls of Nasseri Palace and arrived into photography shops. After Nasseredin Shah, some noblemen started to photography of women in their family and after that we can see pictures of Iranian women had been taken by Iranian photographer in photography studios. This research also has investigated the gradual process of abolishment of bans in taking photos from women and its spread.

The present research studies the nature of commercial papers, nature of property, and the concept of pledge and securities in connection with commercial papers/trades bonds.  Pledge of commercial papers has been accepted in most countries as a principal; however, the surface of Iranian laws is in favor of non-acceptance of such pledges. In view of the importance of the subject and increasing usage of commercial papers in internal, domestic and foreign business area, this paper tries to help in lifting the main obstacles in accepting the pledge of commercial papers by attributing to some of the laws, by-laws and presenting a new definition of property.