Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

DRIVING Permits Such as different types of DRIVING certification are considered as a important and effective factor in transportation process. And, in fact legitimate starting of DRIVING activity is by mentioned Permits. The accurate study of the role and share of these DRIVING Permits on accidents and hazards can provide necessary decisions by related officials and government. This study examines descriptively the role of different DRIVING Permits on damaging, injury and fatal accident at five years by using of available documents on diffent centers of traffice Police. The results of this study represents that B1 DRIVING certificate holder with legal restrications and rarely presentation among others, have the most important role on injury and fatal hazards and also some reasons such as crossing traffic red light, moving contrary to right direction and crossing forbidden area among culpable drivers of motorcycle certificate holder are 2/5, 10, 5/5 more than other DRIVING Permits.

Epilepsy is a disease with high prevalence which interferes DRIVING and may lead to car accident, this case - control study has been done on 100 epileptic patients and 100 persons as control group, who had history of DRIVING. We gathered our patients with face to face interview and registering their information in special forms which were prepared for this study. There were three times more accidents among epileptic cases comparing with control group and this difference was more considerable in men and in patients under 35 years old.The cause of accident were not seizure attack in more than 60% of the patients and these ordinary accidents were also more in case group. Epileptic patients with history of car accidents during DRIVING had poor drug compliance comparing with the epileptics without history of an accident so drug compliance may be valuable in predicting accident in these patients.We have also found poor drug compliance in whom seizure attacks caused accident for them. 58% of the epileptics had not consulted their physican about DRIVING. 43.3% of seizures during DRIVING were of generalized type and none of the patients had inform police about their disease during geting DRIVING liecence.

Traffic violations and aggression are often regarded as social issues with important social and economic consequences. The present study investigated the potential contribution of demographic variables, DRIVING anger, and aggression on the prediction of aggressive DRIVING behaviors. The sample population consisted of 168 male drivers with an age range of 19– 30 years old and the average DRIVING experience of 9 years. All participants filled out the self-reported scales that assess DRIVING anger, aggression dimension, and DRIVING behaviors. Based on the participants' responses to the trait-anger dimensions in Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, they were re-categorized in three DRIVING anger categories of high-trait-anger, medium-trait-anger, and low-traitanger. All of the participants had a DRIVING certificate. The results of this research indicate that: (1) for almost all variables, the effect of anger was significant, (2) anger situation had a contribution in the prediction of lapse, errors, and violations, (3) demographic variables, DRIVING anger, and aggression were all involved in a complementary manner in predicting the DRIVING behavior, and (4) aggression was the best predictor of the violations. Future research is recommended to continue to investigate the effect of various environmental, social, psychological, and personality factors on risky DRIVING behaviors in order to identify appropriate treatment and prevention strategies for this societal concern.

Background and Objectives: Nearly 16, 000 people are killed in DRIVING accidents in Iran each year. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of age on DRIVING performance, using a DRIVING simulator. Methods: This cross‑ sectional study was carried out on 16 young drivers, 16 middle‑ aged drivers, and 16 elderly drivers in Tehran. DRIVING simulators were used to check the drivers’ performances. The main scenario was DRIVING on a freeway at an average speed of 50 km/h, when pedestrians suddenly appeared at a distance of 40 m and the drivers had to brake immediately after noticing the pedestrian. The time interval between the emergence of the pedestrian and stepping on the brake pedal was continuously recorded as the reaction time and the amount of vehicle deviation from the center of the road as the lateral deviation of the vehicle. The drivers’ mental workload was recorded after the simulated DRIVING test, using the verbal online subjective opinion scale. Results: The elderly drivers had the highest mean reaction time, 963. 8 ms, and there was no significant difference between the mean reaction time for youth and middle‑ aged drivers (858. 3 ms vs. 860 ms). Elderly drivers showed high lateral deviation, 0. 69 m, and mental workload, 6. 19, whereas youth drivers had the lowest lateral deviation (0. 55 m) and mental workload (3. 60). MANOVA revealed a significant effect of age (Pillai’ s trace, V = 0. 55, P < 0. 001). Univariate ANOVA showed that age significantly affected the lateral deviation (P < 0. 001) and mental workload (P < 0. 001), but reaction time wa not age dependent (P = 0. 101). Poisson regression revealed no significant effect for age on the number of collisions (P = 0. 357). Conclusion: Based on the variables under study, DRIVING performance of the elderly group was poor as compared to that of the middle‑ aged and young ones. Old drivers were subjected to greater mental workload when responding to the stimulus of the DRIVING environment.

Background and aims: There is evidence that driver distraction is one of the major causes of vehicle accidents. One of the key factors that can affect people's DRIVING performance drastically, is texting. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of texting on DRIVING functions using a DRIVING simulator. Methods: This study was conducted on 80 students ranging from the ages of 20 to 40 and using a class 2 simulator. To check the performance of the drivers, reaction time variables, lane lateral deviation of the car, speed control, were used in two modes of DRIVING without texting and DRIVING while texting. The main scenario of the study consisted of DRIVING a distance of 20 km on a highway. Results: The average momentary lane lateral deviation of the car for drivers in two stages without texting and while texting, was 0. 88 and 1. 36 meters, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P<0. 001). Also, the average reaction time for drivers in the two stages without texting and while texting was 1. 23 and 1. 52 seconds respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P<0. 001). Furthermore, the average speed for the drivers in the two stages was 35. 12 and 34. 04 m/s, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P=0. 020). Conclusion: It is indicated that texting while DRIVING has a negative impact on DRIVING performance. The results of this study have direct consequences for drivers who are involved in this type of distracting behavior while DRIVING, therefore it is important and essential for drivers to be aware of the impact of using cell phones while DRIVING on DRIVING performance. mouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1', '_com_1')">