Dialectology is one of the applied branches of linguistic knowledge which deals with scientific, linguistic, sociological and anthropological studies aiming to collect Dialects. The local Dialect is the main basis and structure of the existence of every nation and race,therefore, the study and the investigation to keep the Naini Dialect alive, as part of the culture, tradition, and ritual of the city of Nain, is necessary and important. The research method is descriptive and the information is collected in a library and linguistic way. The data of the research has been collected from the collection of dictionaries, proverbs and edicts and from the people’, s Dialect in the Nain city. The Naini Dialect is one of the central Dialects of Iran and a continuation of the "Midwestern Iranian" language,it has literary originality and an inseparable and fixed connection with the "Sassanid Pahlavi" language. Naini Dialect is closely related to its neighbouring Dialects such as Ardestani, Varzanei, Badroudi, Zafraei, Natanzi and Zoroastrians of Yazd Province. One of the results of this research is the regularity and organization of this language,So that words are not out of two cases: first, the words which have a special form in this Dialect, and their roots must be extracted from the Avestan culture,and secondly, words which are derived from ordinary Persian words, and by changing the movements.

This article surveys passivization in Taleshi Dialect. This Dialect is common in some areas of the Guilan province. This Dialect, i. e Taleshi Dialect, is divided into three different branches which are called central, northern and southern Taleshi Dialects. The methodology which is used in this research is field and library research. Because the language data are driven through a field study and the author goes into the people and selects thirty native speakers of Sehsar village. These native speakers mostly are forty years old or more; construing that they are not affected by the neighboring Dialects which are spoken around them. The author interviews these thirty native speakers of Sehsar, who mostly reside in the village of Sehsar. He records their speech and selects the items which are applicable for the purpose of this research. It should be mentioned here that, the framework and the literature of this article take great advantages of other written works which have appeared before. The Dialect which is surveyed here, is of southern type which is spoken in Sehsar village. This Dialect is the only means of communication among the people of this village. From linguistic perspective, this Dialect has two different case systems which are called nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive case systems. Nominative-accusative case system is the one in which the subjects of the intransitive and transitive verbs behave similarly and these two subjects are not differentiated by any case marker; hence, the object of the transitive verb is different. In an ergative-absolutive case system, it is the reverse, that is, the subject of a transitive verb behaves differently from both the subject of intransitive verb and the object of the transitive verb. In other words, in this case system, the object of a transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb behave similarly. This case is shown by case marker in ergative languages. In Taleshi Dialect, ergative case is shown by the case marker <– i >. Regarding these two case systems, this article focuses mainly on how passivization is done in these different systems which are called nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive and both exist in this Dialect. Afterwards, based on the evidence gathered in a field study, it is tried to answer these questions as well: Does passivization exist in this Dialect which is of southern type? And how it is done in these two different case systems? Do these different case systems apply different methods of passivization, or they apply the same method? Do passivization and ergativity coincide in the same structure? The results of this research, which are obtained after analyzing the language data gathered through a field study, show that passivization exists in this Dialect and it is commonly done by omitting the agent from the sentence while the object of the verb moves to the position of the omitted subject and the verb agrees with this dummy subject. In instances of passivization, by omitting the subject, the morpheme <-ina> which means follows the object which occurs in the subject position. The author believes that in this kind of passivization, the emphasis is on the object with which the verb is accomplished and as different morphemes are in action in this process of passivization, he calls this process a complex passivization; but in some cases, the agent is kept, but its position is changed and it attaches the object. Although the subject is kept and it comes after the object, it goes through some changes and represents a third singular or plural pronoun. That is the subject appears as <-ə š > or <– š un>. The choice depends on the context in which they occur. These two morphemes need a past tense and perfect aspect to occur and this context is a prerequisite for occurring the ergative case. Based on what is said, it can be concluded that this type of passivization along with ergativity requires a similar context to occur. The other point is, only in such cases passivization can coincide with ergative-absolutive construction, where the agent is present in the sentence. This finding contradicts thast of Atlamaz (2012) which claims ergativity does not occur in a passive structure, in other words, these two structures do not coincide in a structure. Hence, in cases where the agent is absent, ergative construction is absent too.

Katouli is regarded as the most eastern Dialect of the Mazandarani language that in addition to some differences in words, is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit construction and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. In the present study, verbal stem, personal ending and constructions, infinitive, subject and object adjectives as well as active and passive forms have been investigated in Katouli Dialect. In this Dialect, verb is based on the past and present stems. The present verb has indicative, subjunctive and continuous constructions, and the preterit verb also has simple, continuous, progressive, present perfect, subjunctive and past perfect constructions. In Katouli Dialect, the passive form also is not common as it exists in Persian language and the informants prefer using the active structure. The main characteristics of the verb in Katouli Dialect which is important in language studies include: lack of present perfect tense as it is common in Persian and using simple past instead of it, not using prefix in present indicative verb construction, using the past stem of kœrd in past continuous construction and some other characteristics which are mentioned in this paper. Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Aliabad-e-Katul is a city of the Golestan Province located in the range of Hyrcanian forests and Alborz mountains, with the height of 140 m above the Caspian Sea level. This city is restricted to Turkmen plain from the north, Fenderesk from the east, Malek from the west and the mountains covered with Alborz forest from the south. Katuli, as a Dialect of Mazandarani language is of great antiquity and many expressions, words and verbs are still alive in this Dialect. Despite the importance of Katuli as a Dialect of Mazandarani language with high archaism, little is known about its different aspects of phonetics, morphophonemics and grammar. Therefore, considering the role of this Dialect in preserving the old culture of Katul’s people, the study of verb in Katuli Dialect was conducted in the present study. 2. Theoretical framework New Iranian languages that appeared in different parts after Islamic conquest of Iran, are categorized as east, west, and central groups. The west Iranian languages and Dialects are divided into two categories of northwest and southwest Iranian languages. The languages and Dialects which are similar to the middle Persian and Parthian languages in historical changes, are located in southwest group and northwest groups, respectively. The Caspian language and Dialects are categorized in northwest group, and include Mazandarani, Gilaki and Taleshi. The geographical range of Mazandarani language is not in accordance with the current border of Mazandaran Province in the country so that it is extended to the Gorgan plain in the east and continues to the Chalous River in the west. The interesting point is that Mazandarani language continues to around Gorgan, is stopped in Gorgan and the villages in its west parts and then is spoken in Aliabad-e-Katul and its villages. Therefore, Katuli could be considered as the most eastern Dialect of the Mazandarani language. In addition to some differences in words, the Katuli Dialect is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. 3. Methodology In the present study, construction and some characteristics of verb was investigated in Katuli Dialect. The data were collected based on field and intuitive research. For this, interview was conducted with more than 30 speakers in the age groups of 25 to 80 years old (man and woman, educated and uneducated) from Aliabad-e-Katul and surrounding villages, and the information were recorded. Moreover, the available resources, including articles and books, about Mazandarani and its Dialects, were also studied. 4. Results & discussion In Katuli Dialect, past and present stem is derived from the old Iranian language and differentiated via especial phonetic processes. In this Dialect, infinitive suffix are /-en/and /-an/ that added at the end of past stem. Personal endings used in present indicative and subjunctive are various based on present stem. Present continuous also derived from the new Persian and is constructed by present stem for auxiliary verb of (dār) and present stem for main verb with personal ending of present indicative. Like Persian, there is no personal ending for the third-person singular of past verb in Katuli Dialect. In a special case in first person of negative form for simple past of the verb “going”, older people especially in rural places use the verb “našīm” (the stem /-šī/) while the youngers use the verb nōardēm (the stem /-ar/). The past continuous is also formed by past stem of the related verb with the past form of the auxiliary verb (kœrd). In Katuli, there is no past perfect form as it is usual in Persian, but instead, the speakers use simple past like informal Persian. The past subjunctive is also formed by object adjective of main verb with present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb (būdan). The present indicative for the auxiliary verb (xāstan) with the present subjunctive of main verb are used for future construction. In Katuli Dialect, the passive form of the verb is not common as it is in Persian, and speakers usually tend to use active verb. However, passive structure could be used for different verb tenses in this Dialect but it is not common for past subjunctive. In the case of transitive and intransitive constructions, four cases could be considered: 1) inchoative verb is the base and causative is derived from it, 2) both verbs are not derived from each other but differentiated through auxiliary verb, 3) the verbal stems are different, 4) both verbs have the same form. The enclitics of /-em/, /-i/, /-e/, /-im/, /-in/ and /-en/ are used for enclitic construction. [va-], [dar-] and [var-] are also the main and mostly used verbal prefixes in this Dialect. 5. Conclusions & suggestions In the present study, verb construction and some verbal attributes were investigated in Katuli as the most eastern Dialect of the Mazandarani language. In this Dialect, both past and present stems are used in construction of all verbal groups, have the same root. In Katuli Dialect, simple past is used instead of past perfect in verbal construction which could be distinguished through the application and emphasis. Unlike Persian, no prefix is used to present indicative construction in Katuli Dialect. Another interesting point in Katuli Dialect is that the speakers tend to use active form of the verb. Overall, the results from this study indicates that Katuli has some differences with other Dialects of Mazandarani in some aspects of verb construction including infinitive suffix and past continuous. With respect to the limit number of Katuli speakers and increasing trend to the new Persian, Katuli is in threat of being forgotten like many other Iranian Dialects. Therefore, such studies could be useful to preserve and maintain Iranian endangered Dialects.

Abstract: Scrambling has been investigated syntactically and discursively in different languages so far. The results of this research indicate that scrambling is governed by universal principles and constraints as well as language-specific characteristics (parameters). This research indicates that all kinds of scrambling, namely, short-distance scrambling, long-distance scrambling and multiple scrambling occur in Mazandarani Dialect. The fundamental functions of scrambling in discourse change the distribution of theme and rheme and also the distribution of old and new information. The behavior of short-distance scrambling indicates that the movement of constituents in scrambling is subject to discourse principles and information structure, but scrambled constituents in the long-distance scrambling are dependent on syntactic factors and minimalistic principles in addition to discourse principles. In other words, we observed that there is an interface between discourse and syntax, especially minimalism, and there is congruence between the results of this research and achievements of linguists in different linguistic modules. Investigation of the syntactic and discursive behaviors of scrambling in Mazandarani Dialect is the main purpose of this research.

The verbal system of Kalāsuri Dialect has some peculiarities and characteristics that put it in contrast with Persian language and other Iranian southwestern Dialects. In some cases, they, even, make it distinct from relative Dialects such as Harzani, Tāleshi, Tākestani, Chālestani, Eshthārdi, Sagzāri, etc. The above mentioned Dialects constitute the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages which are probably all descended from ancient Āzari. Some of these characteristics that seem to be important in language studies could be mentioned here: firstly, in the verb system of this Dialect, the present stem has been subjected to gradual decline and accordingly some present verb forms are constructed from past stem. Secondly, the indicative present and past progressive are constructed from infinitive. Thirdly, the intransitive simple past and present perfect are the same in form, but they are just distinguished by accent, and finally the present participle is used as future stem. These issues and some other peculiarities would be discussed in this article in detail f the »C«prescription over the other three versions. Considering the kinship probability of the prescriptions »Hat«, »Kar«, »Mi«, the readings that are selected based on the text sameness of these prescriptions are problematic.

Dalyni Dialect is one of the Dialects which is now prevalent in Dalin village in south-west of Iran. This village is located in the province of Fars between Shiraz and Sepidan. Dalyni Dialect is a component of the Iranian branch of the New West. This article describes the structure of verb in the Dalyni Dialect. The Linguistic material of this Research collected in the summer of 2012 among residents of the village and especially Raeisi and Asadi dalyni family. In this paper, some topics are presented as construction of the past and present Infinitive and participle construction, Current connectives different aspects of verb usage including tens, and Construction of the passive verb, Structure of verbs is different in this Dialect and original Persian For instance the way for making verb in different tenses, Inflection, ID adhere to verb, auxiliary verbs and others Which will be discussed in detail in this article. Most of the Dialects of Fars and Bushehr provinces belong to the group of languages of southwestern Iran. In some of these Dialects, an important feature, such as the construction of the ergative, which is historically a continuation of the evolving form of the unknown construction of the ancient period, in transitive past tenses versus past tenses, which is itself a remnant of Middle Persian, instead The rest. The similarity between verbs in Dalyni and Persian is very little, which make this Dialect very specific and attractive. In this Dialect, for construction of different tenses of verb, there is specific grammar points and also we face some exceptions for some specific verb which it shows delicacy and nicety of Daliny Dialect in verb construction.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the inflectional features of Taleqani Dialect based on Booij's patterns (2005) in nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs and answering the question of whether the inflectional features of Taleqani Dialect fall within these rules. The research was descriptive-analytical and research contributors are twenty Taleqani speakers from the village of Kiyadeh who were in the range of 30 and 80 years and sex was disregarded. They include the illiterate and the educated. According to the research, it was found that all inflectional features of Taleqani Dialect are in the form of the patterns provided by Booij (2005). So the patterns provided by the Booij can be used as a suitable tool for defining the inflectional features. Because this Dialect, like many other Dialects, is on the verge of extinction and the current speakers will be the last generation who speak this Dialect, this research can be useful for next generation and those who interested in linguistics.

One essential semantic category, along with other categories formulated in the verb (such as mood and tense), is aspect. Aspect can be considered as the way of looking at the events in terms of their inception, realization, unfolding or completion. While grammatical aspect is usually expressed with a definite inflectional or periphrastic element in VP, aspectual verbs, inherently without any specific grammatical sign, unfold the intrinsic aspectual properties indicating the beginning, continuation or completion of the events. Reviewing the current approaches to lexical aspect, the present research attempts to study and classify the aspectual verbs in Laki (one of the Northwestern Iranian languages) to show that based on Croft’ s model (2012), the Laki Dialect has four major lexical aspectual types (including static, activity, accomplishment and achievement) and 10 subcategories including transitory states, acquired permanent states, inherent permanent states, directed activities, undirected (cyclic) activities, directed accomplishments, undirected accomplishments, reversible achievements, irreversible achievements, cyclic achievements.

This research studies and describes the verbal system of Kondazi Dialect. Kondazi is a mountainous village in the subdistrict of Abarj in the western north of Marvdasht city. Kondazi Dialect is actually a survived Dialect of Sassanid Pahlavi/ Middle Persian and belongs to the south-western branch of New Iranian Languages. There are some similarities between Kondazi Dialect and Emamzadeh-esmaeili, Dashtaki, Khollari, Qalati, Ardakani, Davani, Dashti and the Dialects of Larestani language, Kohmare regions and some other Dialects which have ergative structure. This research studies the infinitive construction, present and past stems, past participle, verb endings in present and past tenses, clitics, tense. The method of this study is mostly a field research and in few parts based on a library research. The data was collected by recording the free speech, conversations, interviews of 16 males and 4 females of elders, middle aged illiterate and literate of native speakers. The conclusions of this research can shed light on Iranian studies, typology of Iranian languages and ethnology.

Examining the geographical variation of Bakhtiāri and Luri Dialects in the southern and western provinces, and present in the common features and characteristics of these Bakhtiari Dialects, this article focuses on linguistic change and linguistic maintenance in one of the Dialects.There .is a persistent anxiety that as a result of the past development of literacy, technology, mass media, etc the official language cause the decline or death of the regional Dialects.This case study in the field of Anthropology and sociology of language investigates the current situation of Bakhtiāri Dialect in the city of Masjid Soleiman. By analysing the data collected through the questionnaires, the preserving or declining impacts of various factors are scrutinized.