Objective: To describe the normal sonographic images of the soft tissues of the dorsal and palmar aspects of the fetlock region in the Draught horses. Design: Descriptive study. Animals: Five clinically and radiographically normal Draught male horses were used during this study.Procedures: Horses were examined both radiographic and ultrasound ante mortem and post mortem. Based on the proximal sesamoid bones the fetlock region was divided into three zones. Zone I (PSB1) located 4 cm above the sesamoid bone. Zone II (PSB II) located at the level of the sesamoid bones. Zone III (PSBIII) located distal to the sesamoid bones. Measurements of tendon and ligament structures for the three zones were determined by means of electronic calipers. Cross transverse sections for the structures of the three zones were identified.Results and Conclusion: The fetlock joint is surrounded by soft and hard tissue structures. The gross anatomical, radiographic and Ultrasonographic images were studied. The ultrasound images of the palmar and dorsal aspects were identified and reviewed. The echogenic patterns of the three zones were evaluated. This study provides a detailed knowledge on the normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements of the tendon and ligaments in the three zones.Clinical Relevance: This study is a useful value in the diagnosis of fetlock lameness under clinical conditions.

Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The presence of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) is based on the assumption that the flow data series follows from Gamma distribution. In this study, the efficiency of 65 statistical distributions was evaluated through the use of monthly and annual flow data series of 49 hydrometric stations. The results show that on the annual scale, Gamma distribution is not the superior distribution. On a monthly scale, this distribution was found only in 1% of all cases examined as the superior distribution. This is while the Wakeby distribution was introduced on an annual basis in about 35 percent of the cases, and on a monthly scale, up to 43 percent of the scenarios were introduced as a top-ranked distribution. Based on the SDI index calculated based on Gamma distribution and Wakeby distribution, in the case of the P-Value of the Gamma distribution is less than 0. 3, it is possible to move the drought classes using Wakeby distribution. These conditions were observed in 30% of the examined cases. The highest and the lowest displacements of the hydrological drought classes due to the use of superior distribution were in December and May, respectively. It was found that the highest frequency of displacement of the drought classes resulted from the use of superior distribution occurs in the normal class. Accordingly, it is recommended that the Wakeby distribution be replaced by the gamma distribution in the SDI calculations.

Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a generalized epileptic syndrome. Age of onset is usually between 12 to 18 years. JME consists of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) and typical absence attacks. EEG shows characteristic changes in JME. Long term video-electroencephalography monitoring (VEM) is a helpful diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of patient with unclear history or EEG findings. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of VEM in diagnosis of refractory epileptic patients.Materials and Methods: This study is retrospective and descriptive on patients of Epilepsy monitoring Unit of Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between March 2011 and March 2012. Telephone interview was scheduled 6-18 months after discharge to evaluate results of VEM on the frequency of seizures, the therapeutic regimes and patients’ quality of life.Results: 24 cases with diagnosis of JME were chosen among 250 patients who were admitted with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen of them were female. The average age of patients was 24 years old and the average duration of the seizure attacks was 12.97 years. The mean frequency of GTCs was 2.76 attacks per month and after VEM and proper treatment, it decreased to 0.27 attacks per month.Conclusion: VEM is a helpful diagnostic procedure for evaluating of refractory JME epileptic patients.