Background and Objectives: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is known as a chronic pain in the ears manifested in the form of tinnitus, EARACHE, hearingloss, vertigo, and other impairments. Although patients affected with this disorder undergo long-term treatments using various medicines without significant pain relief, medical care is still possible with a correct diagnosis. This study investigated the incidencerate of TMD in patients suffering from EARACHE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study investigate the incidence rate of TMD in patients with EARACHE referring todental clinics affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran, including patients with over six months of EARACHE or those having pain despite using medicines. The Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I and II Protocol was used for examining TMD and stress, and also independent t-test and Chi-square test were employedto compare TMD patientsin terms of age and gender. Results: A total number of 100 individuals aged between 18 and 65 years, including 40 males and 60 females were examined in this study. The incidence rate of TMD in patients with EARACHE was also reported by 76. 5%. Conclusion: The results indicated a high incidence rate of TMD in patients having EARACHE. Accordingly, patients complaining about TMD required specialized EARACHE evaluations by dentists and medics.

Introduction: The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is infecting as fast as possible in more than 200 countries and creating the most horrible domino-like demolition ever seen. From its beginning inWuhan, China, the SARS-CoV-2 infected the similar groups of 100, 000 patients in 67, 11, 4, and 2 days. Healthcare workers are in the frontline of attacking by SARS-CoV-2, especially those who are in close contact with upper respiratory mucosa like otolaryngologists. Objectives: To describe ear pain as one of the first clinical manifestations of COVID-19, we present two cases of a family (a mother and her daughter) with a positive RT-PCR test for COVID-19 who presented EARACHE as their first symptoms. Case Presentation: The first case was a 32 years old female patient (stewardess of an international airline, Tehran, Iran) was labeled as at risk due to her air flight to China in Dec 2019. She was first admitted for moderate ear pain in her left ear with mild itching of the external ear to an otolaryngology outpatient clinic by a general practitioner. After 7 days, her test for RT-PCR against COVID-19 was positive. No lung involvement was reported by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax. Another case was her mother who were in close contact with each other and experienced severe ear pain after 7 days. She acquired mild COVID-19 symptoms with anosmia was a positive test result for COVID-19. Conclusions: The EARACHE must be considered as their first clinical symptoms during the early phase of the coronavirus outbreak. It seems that local and international scientific groups of otolaryngologists must prepare their national guidelines to protect their practitioners against COVID-19 based on practical strategies. Using personal protective equipment is of utmost importance in reducing the risk of nosocomial infection among otolaryngologists.

Introduction:Otalgia is one of the complaints which may occur at any age. The etiology of the pain may be in the ear, structures around the ear or other head and neck structures. This is caused by the complex nervous connections in the head and neck areas, the ear, the pharynx and the nose. Since understanding the etiologies of referred otalgia can help in the assessment and treatment of the disease, this research was conducted to identify the etiologies of referred otalgia in patients visiting the ENT Clinic in Gorgan, Iran.Materials and Methods:This prospective research was conducted on patients who visited the ENT Clinic with an EARACHE, but in initial assessments the ear was normal. Patients’ data consisting of sex, age, complaint, the inflicted side, physical findings in the ear, the nose, the throat and head and neck were recorded in a questionnaire. These data were then analyzed with SPSS software.Results:Of 770 patients with otalgia, 94 patients (12.2%) had referred otalgia. Of these patients 27.7% were men and 72.3% were women. The most common etiology of referred otalgia was dental problems (62.8%), and one patient who was being treated for pharyngitis had carcinoma of the base of the tongue. In 47.8% of cases the pain was in the left ear, in 43.4% in the right ear, and in 8.7% it was bilateral.Conclusion:In view of the fact that a significant proportion of the patients who complained of otalgia had no pathologies in the ear, thorough physical examination in adjacent structures especially teeth should be performed and malignancies should be considered as a possible etiology of otalgia.

Background and Aims: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are one of the most common causes of the patient's referral to dental clinics. Considering the role of related factors in its creation, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relative frequency of factors related to temporomandibular disorders in patients aged 20 to 50 years referred to dental clinics in Isfahan in 1397. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 324 patients referred to Isfahan dental clinics in 1397 were randomly included. Factors related to TMD and demographic factors of patients were recorded with clinical examination by a trained dentist and self-declaration of patients in the data collection form. The frequency and relevance were analysed by SPSS 22 software and chi-square, fisher and logistic regression statistic tests. Results: At least one of the TMD related factors was present in 40. 7% of the subjects, which the most common factors related to TMD was posterior edentulousness (49. 7%). History of jaw dislocation was more common in men (P=0. 014) and the frequency of posterior edentulousness was more common in in women (P=0. 003). As the age increased, the frequency of posterior edentulousness (P=0. 000) and EARACHE (P=0. 009) increased. The frequency of posterior edentulousness was higher in housekeepers (P=0. 000), the frequency of EARACHE was higher in employees (P=0. 005) and the history of jaw dislocation was higher in self-employed persons (P=0. 047). Conclusion: The high prevalence of TMD and related factors, such as a history of jaw dislocation, posterior edentulousness, EARACHE, and clenching, requires attention to be identified and treat these problems.

Introduction: Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) is one of the most important causes of the orofacial pain. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate 40 related variables in this regard. Materials and Methods: Thirty nine patients with MPDS were evaluated in this study. Different factors including age, gender, occupation, marital status, sensitivity of masticatory muscles, maximum opening of the mouth, deviation, deflection, involvement of temporomandibular joint, habit, parafunction, malocclusion, neck pain, headache, EARACHE and history of jaw involvement, etc were analyzed in this evaluation. Results: In our study, 39 patients (32 females and 7 males), 20-40 years old, with the average age of 35±13.32 years were studied.51% were housewives and 74.4% were married. The most common involvements were Clicking (74.4%), pain in temporomandibular joint (54%), headache (46.2%), EARACHE (41%), neck-pain (35.9%), trouble in the mouth opening (71.8%), malocclusion Class I (74.4%), cross bite and deep bite (25%), clenching (64.1%) and involvement of masseter and lateral pterygoid muscle (84%). Conclusion: Since MPDS consists of variable symptoms, it might be very difficult to provide any definite diagnosis and treatment. Therefore the more the specialists extend their knowledge and information about this disorder, the more they will make the best decision in this regard.

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a synthetic derivative of salicylic acid, is known as a commonly used pharmaceutical agent for over one hundred years. The primary use of salicylic acid refers to the Sumerians, who discovered the analgesic property of the willow plant for the first time. After a long time, around 4000 BC, the analgesic and antipyretic effects of the willow’ s leave were also well-known among the Assyrians and the Egyptians. 1 Moreover, around 1300-1500 BC, some therapeutic effects of the willow and myrtle extractions, were found by Egyptians, to use for colic, gout, and EARACHE treatments....

Background: In December 2019, the first Coro-navirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) case was obse-rved in Wuhan, China, and afterward, the world has been exposed to an ongoing pandemic. The Covid-19 has different symptoms, such as fever, coughing, shortness of breath, muscular pain, headache, diarrhea, nose running, and a sore thr-oat. However, the symptoms of Covid-19 are not limited to these ones. The Case: The present study reports a 39-year-old female patient complaining of EARACHE and hearing loss with no other Covid-19 symp-toms. The medical tests and diagnoses finally inferred that she was suffering from the Covid-19. Conclusion: In addition to the common symp-toms of Covid 19, acute otitis media can be con-sidered as another symptom of this disease.

Objective: The aims included the investigation of the possibility of auditory learning during sleep as well as the evaluation of possible differences between sexes regarding learning during sleep.Method: The study population included Psychology and Educational Science students of Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch in academic year 1385-86. The instruments of this study included multiple choice English questions as well as translation, based on taught English material. Its validity was evaluated using content validity. A pilot study with the aim of the habituation of subjects was carried out for one week.Results: The data were analyzed using t-test and the results indicated that learning English during sleep was not possible.Conclusion: While acknowledging the limitations of the study, its results indicate that learning does not take place during sleep and is accompanied with problems such as insomnia, headache, EARACHE, dullness and somnolence during the day.