The concept of new EMPIRE points to state of contemporary globalization. The national states are important in the period of globalization, and deterrence logic out of the balance of powers between them is the important part of reason of keeping stability and safety in the world community (EMPIRE) security. However, new transnational and subnational actors and also appearance of new safety problems cause recent threats that has been created at the results of globalization processes. Terrorism is place at the center of threats at the result of processes of globalization in the space of empirical sovereignty. This essay tries to explain the condition of important of terrorism phenomena in the problem related to EMPIRE.

The Parthian EMPIRE was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient times and reigned in Iran for almost 500 years. There have been many books or articles written on Parthians over the past years; however, in recent years, research on this EMPIRE has intensified. The Parthians: The Forgotten EMPIRE by Uwe Ellerbrook, was published in 2021. In this book, Ellerbrook has investigated all aspects of the Parthian kingdom and goes beyond the political history of the Parthians to familiarize the readership with the archaeology, history, culture, religion, art, and society of the Parthians.

Documents and tablets from cities located in Mesopotamia acknowledge huge firms which were engaged in different business and economic activities. Firms whose archives draw light on Persian conquest of Mesopotamia, land allocation to Persians, forming military bailiwicks, cooperation among enterprises of Babylon and Persia, taking different kinds of tax, and so on. Agibi firm is the most significant firm that played an active role in the economy of the region, from the kingdom of neo-Babylonian to the kingdom of Darius the Great. Achaemenid tax organization, land tenure, paying a variety of taxes, and business were the most important fields that Agibis were engaged in. The main goal of this article is to investigate the role of Agibi’s family in tax organization and economy of Achaemenids.

It is difficult to debate about the planning, correct implementation, and effectiveness of a government's strategies, such as defining the concept of the strategy. Having a strong military force and utilizing a variety of efficient and modern armament has always been one of the ideals of governments throughout history. The Iranian states have not been exempted from this rule and have used their financial and human resources to achieve these goals. Although the Sasanians were more advanced in many aspects of administration and military than the previous Iranian governments, they could not have been so successful in military affairs without careful strategic planning. The question is, what military strategy did the Sasanians adopt for the maintenance and the continuity of their EMPIRE? The answer to this question can be summarized in a variety of grand, long-term and short-term strategies. The very hostile strategy of the Sasanian government is not very much in line with modern theories, but it was fruitful and effective in the tumultuous late antiquity. Without their grand strategy, the Sasanian kings would not have been able to achieve numerous lasting and dramatic victories. Through the application of this strategy, they maintained and strengthened the position of the royal family among the traditional aristocracy (feudal clans), clergy, warlords, high nobility, and so on. In this paper, in order to find answers for our question, we attempt to explain the various types of strategies and tactics of the Sasanians through a descriptive-comparative-analytical approach and examine their role in the power, weakness, durability, or decline of their EMPIRE. The result generally shows the efficacy of the various Sasanian strategies and tactics in the early and middle periods, but the strategic errors of certain kings in the late period and several centuries of persistence and repetition of some aspects of their grand strategy resulted in undermining of their government.

Hurufism was one of the most important and influential Sufi sects in the history of the Ottoman EMPIRE and its study of its relations with the Ottoman government is very important in order to clarify the angle of the Ottoman state's connection with the Sufi sects. Backgrounds of the origin of letters in the 8th century AH / 14 AD. Returns to Iran. When this sect was founded in Anatolia, it was able to expand its influence in the Ottoman EMPIRE through its connection with Bektashi and to play a role in the political and social developments of the Ottoman EMPIRE for several centuries. The basic demand of the present study is to study how the formation and maturation of letters in the Ottoman EMPIRE by looking at the origins and beginnings and also the relations and effects of letters on other Sufi methods, especially Bektashi and also the political and social role of letters It is in the Ottoman EMPIRE. Research method In this research, descriptive-analytical method and data collection method is also library. The results and achievements of this study show that from the first years of the establishment of the Ottoman state, there were relations between this government and the alphabetic way, and the claimants of the alphabet with influence in the Ottoman territory, and establishing strong relations with Baktashia and influence among nations. Christian and the Yenicheri Army promoted the ideas of the alphabet. In order to achieve their social and political goals, the Al-Harfis were always engaged in activities against the Ottoman rulers, which were caused by their heretical views and conspiracies against the Ottoman government. Throughout the centuries, they sought to suppress and persecute them.

Ottomans 687-1343 After Hijrah/ 1288-1924 A. C being attributed to one of the Turk tribes entitled Qez became at the service of Saljuqids and established a kingdom in littleAsia. This territory was developed at the beginning of 8th century After Hijrah / 14th century A. C and gradually it changed into a great EMPIRE being included numerous lands of Asia, Europe and Africa continents. Ottomans sallied towards Cyprus in time of the second sultan Salim. These invasions were followed by three centuries of Muslims ruling on this land. Ottoman government put the considerable effects on Cyprus community in political, economical, and religious aspects. This research investigates the religious effects of Ottoman presence in Cyprus. It seems that the entrance of ottomans in Cyprus in religious aspect, led to the orthodox Christians losing the dominance of Catholic church and through the settlement of Muslims in Cyprus and the acceptance of Islam by a group of Christians present in the island, a fixed religious element entered into Cyprus so that nowadays, Muslims are considered as the greatest religious group of Cyprus after orthodox Christians.

Increasingly, Aq Qoyunlu rule and Ottoman EMPIRE were inclined to contradict in the half of 9th/15th century. Access to central Anatolia for Aq Qoyunlu was a pivotal enterprise by which could develop its commercial ties. In contrast, Ottomans tried to counteract the Aq Qoyunlu strives and thwarted its close relation with Venice since Ottomans regarded the latter as an archenemy in Europe. Foremost Aq Qoyunlu ruler decided to consolidate his situation and competed with Ottomans in Anatolia secondly. The article is based on descriptive-analytical method and intends to investigate the enterprises of Aq Qoyunlu rulers to connect with the European ports on the other side of the Black sea and Mediterranean Sea. In the first stage, However, defeat of Aq Qoyunlu in the reign of Uzun Hasan (Hasan padishah) and economic decline by Ottoman advancement in the second step was the result of mentioned process.

On the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of Achaemenid EMPIRE on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to Achaemenids at the given region. In the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from emperial centers such as royal epigraphs, memorial embossed reliefs and official documents as well as archaeological artifacts, it has been tried to reconstruct position of eastern states in achaemenids’ imperial, official, political and economic system. A list of affiliate lands in imperial reliefs may reflect position of any state in imperial administrative system. After reference to imperial centers in most of state lists, these are eastern states that mentioned; it may be a sign for their status in imperial administrative system. Such attitude was also reflected in memorial embossed reliefs. In and embossed relief, carriers of imperial flag that inscribed on tombs of Achaemenid kings, agents from eastern states have been represented after representatives from imperial centers and even in some embossed reliefs, agents of eastern states were displayed as armed people. Since the representatives from other states lacked such a privilege so this might signify their status in imperial political system. In clay epigraphs from Takht-E-Jamshid, we witness a constant and interrelated connection between imperial centers and eastern states while such relation might be faded away highly regarding western states. The constant relationship between eastern states with given centers and thus with other imperial points has definitely a dramatic impact on thriving and prosperity of economy and commerce as well as life progress for the people in these areas.