With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases.

Since crime is committed in a particular space, place-related factors can play roles in creating the potential crimes to be committed. Therefore, the issue of environmental prevention through planning and environmental design can lead to decrease of crime and offence problems in urban places. While, individual criminals found less opportunity to do offensive behavior in places that are planned and design by this purpose, it is possible to prevent criminal act in urban places and spaces by reducing the encouraging conditions to commit crimes in urban spaces. The relationship between environ- mental and site-specific characteristics of the affected locations were considered so that the role of these characteristics in crime can be determined in the formulation of prevention programs and the creation of safe urban spaces. In tum, these achievements can be applied in compiling codes of urban planning and design. The approach of the study was based on the scientific research method- ology of R. Quivy and LV. Comenhoudt introduced in their book "Manual de Recherché en Science Socials". Hypotheses and indicators were com- piled from observations and comparat1ve analyses of those urban spaces that are most often the sites of crime. The data provided the basis for strategic recommendations regarding urban planning and environmental design aimed at preventing crime. The theoretical background of this issue can be traced to Urban Ecology studies, which have pro­ vided a scientific framework for recognizing reciprocal relations between humans and their environment. In 1971, following publication of the article "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" by C.R. Jeffery, an important turning point came about in studying social abnormalities and crimes. Prior to this article, the dominant viewpoint in criminology was the study of crime itself. However Jeffery's ideas led to the consideration of CPTED as a methodology that could be implemented by urban planners, designers, and architects. In this framework, suitable and objective design in human­ built environment would reduce the feeling of insecurity in places by removing opportunities for crime, and thus improving the quality of life of cityresi­ dents and visitors. This approach was furthered by other authors, such as Elizabeth Wood, S. Angel, Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, J. Wilson, and D. Hillier. According to the findings of this study (in the twelve sampled space city of Tehran), the paradigms of environmental planning can be nomi­nated as the "invisible hand" of urban planning and design that can play an important role in the provi­sion of safety and in preventing crime and other forms of social degradation. The results of this study were lead to introduce and establish new regulations for urban planners in High Committee on Architecture and Urban Planning (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development). By the way, this article is a part of a research program in 2006 that was entitled as "Compiling Environmental Codes to Prevent Criminal Action in Urban Spaces", carried out in conjunction with the Iranian Center for Architecture and Urban Studies and Research, according to the recommendation of the High Council of Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning.

Noise pollution can be considered as the most important problem of urban environmental management in mega metropolises and urban transportation is the main source of the mentioned problem. This study aims to investigate the amount of traffic noise dose received by traffic policemen in Tehran; District 1 Municipality. The investigation was conducted during three consecutive months in 2007 in 282 locations of the main streets of studied district which are known for its heavy traffic, as well as population flow. In order to measure the noise volume, pre-calibrated Cell- 450 and Quest- 2900 sound level meters were used. Regarding to noise dosimeter, 158 cases were measured using a dosimeter Cell-320. For this purpose, Leq, L10, Lmax and Lmin indicators were used. The results showed that the Leq average during peak traffic load hours and in the least traffic conditions was 77.2±2.1 and 64.5±2.2 dB, respectively which were higher than the acceptable levels (55dB). Moreover, the statistical results showed the significant differences between light and heavy traffic conditions and also the direct effect of heavy traffic on noise pollution, also it was shown that vehicles traffic is the main source of the produced noise pollution. The study created a related questionnaire which evaluated the traffic policemen behavior from them and their relative’s point of views. The results showed that noise pollution has damaging effects on their behavioral conditions and also, on their personal assessment. The policemen believed their psychological disorders and their relative had also the same opinion. This study attempted to show that noise pollution in metropolises such as Tehran is a serious problem and it is should be treated as a top priority in the urban environmental management in order to reduce noise pollution.

During the last century, human society has been more involved in biological problems such as the conversion of fertile lands into deserts, floods due to lack or excessive rainfall, volcanoes, storms and earthquakes and etc which have led to the migration of the residents of these areas and the emergence of environmental refugees. The main challenge that we seek to examine in this study is the recognition of this type of asylum by international instruments and governments and the observance of the principle of Prohibition of repatriation of refugees to their country. In general, all asylum seekers have rights that the host country is required to respect. However, what was obtained from the results of the present research is that there are always deficiencies in international documents and assemblies in the direction of international protection of environmental asylum seekers, in the direction of non-restoration and other rights of them. In this regard, the design of an international convention to protect them could indicate a paradigm shift in the international human rights system and supportive frameworks aimed at ensuring a dignified human life. Also, in the meantime, the participation and cooperation of governments in recognizing this type of refugees and their rights, supporting and implementing the principle of prohibition of repatriation in their case was neglected