Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ETHICAL principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ETHICAL model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ETHICAL and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

Introduction: ETHICAL leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. ETHICAL leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ETHICAL leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ETHICAL leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and ETHICAL climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ETHICAL leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ETHICAL climate. Conclusion: ETHICAL leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ETHICAL leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an ETHICAL atmosphere in the organization

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ETHICAL challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ETHICAL challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to action and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

Introduction: The ETHICAL dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ETHICAL challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ETHICAL framework to address the multifaceted ETHICAL challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ETHICAL dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ETHICAL decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The ETHICAL actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and social analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ETHICAL actions in the production of social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ETHICAL actions (behavior) have on the formation of social progress? How do moral actions generate social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of social interactions have been socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

Stem cell research holds outstanding promise for both understanding fundamental mechanisms of human development and differentiation, and for developing new therapies for diseases such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and myocardial infarction. Stem cell research continues to be seen as a potential alternative to conventional medications. The rapid advancements in biotechnology have brought to light numerous pressing ETHICAL and policy concerns related to stem cell research. The most significant ETHICAL considerations surrounding stem cell and stem cell-derived product therapies are similar to those arising in other emerging biotechnologies. Given the scientific promise and ETHICAL dilemmas of stem cell research, it is crucial to carefully consider the ETHICAL controversies as this rapidly expanding field progresses. This essay provides an overview of the most important issues that the stem cell research community needs to address

Elective caesarean is defined by personal choice and medical indications. This raises many ETHICAL issues among academics and specialists. Most of the women select caesarean due to fears of pain, fetal outcomes and cultural perceptions. Women’s level of awareness about differences of caesarean and normal delivery has not clearly seen reported. In this review paper we aim to determine the gray line of ETHICAL and moral issues in selecting caesarean by individual themselves. In conclusion, the findings suggest that ETHICAL codes of elective caesarean and personal choice must be explored in each social-cultural context. This will assist the health provider to make appropriate decisions in guiding families.

Cultural relativism and ETHICAL subjectivism are two theories that are against ETHICAL objectivism. In this essay, lames Rachels shows that cultural relativism is based on invalid argument; that the consequences of taking it seriously are irrational; that it exaggerates moral disagreement. Yet he holds that we can learn lessons from it. Next, he presents and criticizes two versions of ETHICAL subjectivism; the first version (simple personalism) is rejected by him, because it denies the facts of humen fallibility and moral disagreement. The second version (emotivism) is regarded incomplete, because it can not explain the role of reason and argumentation in ethics. He shows that argumentation and reasoning in ethics is possible and favourable, and because of this, ethics is objective, not subject to personal taste or cultural assumptions of cultural assumption of one special society.