Some of the political observers and researchers consider FEDERALISM as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic, religious and race structure. Iraq, being a multi-ethnic and religious country, on the basis of article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution chose FEDERALISM as its form of government in post Saddam era. In spite of these provisions, there still exists a problematic condition about the future of FEDERALISM in Iraq and the reason is due to certain innovations and ambiguities in Iraqi constitution and also legal and political problems about federation in that country.The present article examines these ambiguities and innovations. The article also shows that Iraqis have not used the positive experience of other federal systems. There also exist practical problems like geographical-territorial conditions, the problem of contending discourse about the place of Kurdistan in Iraqi political system. The above problems had led to a shaky position for Iraqi FEDERALISM and thus FEDERALISM is facing several challenges and problems.

Shaping and institutionalizing FEDERALISM as the most famous local-regional democratic governance requires extension of civic and democratic political culture, overcoming identity crisis, etc. FEDERALISM was one of the mechanisms of international coalition under the leadership of America for stablishing peace and democracy in Iraq, but it was fulfilled only in Kurdistan and not in central and southern regions. The aim of this article is the analysis of the impact of identity crisis and entrenched undemocratic political culture on nonfulfillment of FEDERALISM in Iraq by using a political- sociological approach. The main question is that why FEDERALISM didn’t fulfill in Iraq? In this article, the hypothesis is that: historical and entrenched identity crisis in Iraq in the past century and the supremacy of subjective and religious-ethnic political culture over civic - democratic ones, have led to a failure in implementing FEDERALISM in this country. This article concludes that, the identity crisis due to imposed nation-state building in the recent decade, ethnic-religious violence and divergent political culture in post-Saddam Iraq led to the un-fulfillment of FEDERALISM.

The long-term political conflict in Afghanistan over the acquisition of power reached its peak in 2022 with the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Taliban's resumption of power. However, to find the roots of the many causes of this event, we must consider the geographical and ethnic-racial features of Afghanistan, along with the efforts of the modern governments of this country in the direction of nation-state building in the context of political history, as well as the role of neighbors and regional and extra-regional powers. In addition, centralized/decentralized and federal/non-federal governance models should also be discussed in theory and practice. In this article, an attempt is made to answer this question: why can the governance model based on centralized FEDERALISM be a desirable political solution to end the long-term power conflict in Afghanistan? According to the research hypothesis, due to the mosaic fabric of society in Afghanistan and the preference of ethnic tendencies over national tendencies and interests, the model of FEDERALISM and at the same time the existence of a powerful central federal government can be presented as a desirable political solution. The research results that the factors of the fall and collapse of the Afghan government were the high level of government concentration, the lack of attention to the participation of political groups and ethnic groups in power, and the lack of use of the capacities of local governments.

The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament and the majority of Iraqi people, the government was established as 'democratic, federal parliamentary republic'. This paper tries to answer the following question: what is the impact of the federal system in Iraq on Iran's national security? To answer this question, authors have used descriptive-analytical method. Compared to Iraq’s thereat, as a unitary state, for Iran’s national security (as was the case of the last Iran- Iraq war) or as a distorted country which paves the way for inference of trans regional powers in opposition to Iran’s national interests, it seems that the new Iraq federal system regardless of some challenges that may cause for neighbors including Iran, can be the best model for national security.

Variety of ethnic groups, different languages and cultural differences can cause conflicts and ethnic tensions in communities, but the emergence of an ethnic conflict depends on the government's approach in managing these diversity. One of the most important mechanisms for governments to manage ethnic diversity, language and cultural differences, is FEDERALISM. FEDERALISM can be defined as decentralization and granting administrative autonomy to a Region in terms of geographic divisions. But FEDERALISM function to reduce ethnic conflicts, is not necessarily positive and can lead to deterioration in some cases. Accordingly, this study tries to analyze the impact of FEDERALISM on ethnic conflicts in Iraq. The research hypothesis is: through a process of creating bureaucratic structures, development of political parties and the recognition and acceptance of cultural differences, FEDERALISM can reduce sectarian violence and ethnic conflicts. The methodology of research is descriptive-explanatory.

Introduction From the beginning of its formation as an independent geographical unit under the monarchy to the current FEDERALISM system of government the political process in contemporary Iraq has been influenced by external and internal factors, and instability has always overshadowed this country and what is now apparent in modern Iraq is that still the new political system remains unstable. Iraq, recognized as one of the legacy states of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the outcome of the post-World War I conquest, since its inception, violence and logistical strife has continued with the fall of the Ba'athist regime and the establishment of a federal system. In fact, FEDERALISM in Iraq is the heir to a tumultuous history, fragmented society, ethnic-sectarian sociological divisions, concentration of power by a minority of communities, the status of Kirkuk and other contested areas, forcible Arabization and emigration from the former systems and many problems are remained unresolved. With such a situation and background, it is difficult to imagine Iraq free of violence and conflict. In fact, what has happened since the fall of Saddam in Iraq has been the failure of the new political system to repair the existing sociological gaps in Iraqi society, to provide security and public services, and to solve some of the former problems. Regarding that countries are in a form of interaction, the unstable situation in Iraq can also affect the other countries of the region, so in order to explain the subject under study, it seems necessary to conduct this research. Methodology This research investigates the future of Iraq's FEDERALISM system for the horizon of 2030, based on historical trend analysis that relying on the factors which influence the situation in this country. At first, the areas of influence in the field of Iraqi FEDERALISM and its presentation to the elites were determined by the list of variables of each constituency, followed by a review of the opinions of the elite group and then are verified. Also, based on the influential factors in the situation of the country, the data were collected using Delphi method and finally, by entering the variables into the Micmac software, relevant analysis was presented and the target, independent, risk variables, etc. were identified and key proponents were identified. They were classified according to the situation in Iraq. Then, by adapting propellants, details of effective parameters in probable scenarios were formulated, and challenge and potential analysis of each domain was performed. And while analyzing the hypotheses, the proposals of each domain were also expressed.   Result and Discussion Accordingly, three scenarios are presented: desirable scenario (considering Iraq in true FEDERALISM with non-centralization and balanced distribution of wealth and power), optimistic scenario (reminiscent of its current state and continuing the current political system shaky and unstable) and crisis scenario (on the one hand, they represent the collapse of Iraq and, in other words, the rise of the demands for independence and the return of the authoritarian political system).   Conclusions Because the nature of the government in Iraq has been at odds with the multicultural nature of its society since the beginning of its political life, and because of its centenary history, and issues such as the insurgency, the coup, the revolution, the civil war, and there has always been a shadow of strife and strife, producing a fragile structure, Iraq has been a bankrupt country since the fall of the Ba'athist regime, with few signs of improving the political process. Based on the variables and discussions around the subject given the circumstances in Iraq, and in answer to the research questions it can be said that two scenarios of optimism and crisis in the horizon set for Iraqi FEDERALISM are likely.

Politics is specifying the will of the state - which is the subject of politics science- and the Public Administration is implementing the will of state- which is the subject of Public Administration. These two have interaction. The Public Administration is a infrastructure for implementing the will of state and politics specify the structure of Public Administration. Analyzing one of them must be along with the other. One of the subjects that related to them is delegation of power. According to the rate of delegation of power, the methods of managing the Public administration are as following: centralized, concentrated, decentralized, federal and confederation.FEDERALISM (that in this article is synonym to Administrative FEDERALISM) is the subject of this article. In this article, at first definitions, related concepts, strengths and weaknesses of the Administrative FEDERALISM, and the origins and circumstances necessary for the implementior of Administrative FEDERALISM were explained and a kind of comparative study is rendered. Furthermore, the history and present status of centralization and decentralization in public administration in Iran were analyzed. Then, the possibility of implementing of Administrative FEDERALISM in Iran was analyzed. Finally, the model of implementing Administrative FEDERALISM in Iran was suggested.

Following the US attack to Iraq on 20 of March, 2003, and the collapse of Baas regime, the Iraq political structure has been revolutionized, and a new political structure emerged. The major players of the new structure were Shiat, Kurds, and Soni groups. Social gaps were the major criterion for such classification. The first gap is the ethnic one dividing Iraq to to two Kurd and Arab communities. The second gap is the religeous gap causing two communities of Shiat and Soni to be formed. Accordingly, the Iraq's society has been divided into three nearly distinct and divisible parts of Shiat, Soni, and Kurd. Taking the ethnic-religous clashes and gaps in the existing Iraq society into consideration, some socio-political thinkers believe that the solution to this problem would be the FEDERALISM political structure. Despite the fact that there were some opponents to this view, the suggestion was incorporated into the Iraq constitution. The major purpose of the present paper is to investigate the power triangualation in new Iraq based on the FEDERALISM system. Thus, considering the nature and type of the issue, use was made of discriptive-analytic method and the library sort of collecting information was utilized to collect the required data.