Efficiency in agricultural production is indicative of the efficiency level of farm households in their farming activities. Farmers in developing countries do not make use of all the potential technological resources, thus making inefficient decisions in their agricultural activities. Herein, technical efficiency in relation with the production of three types of rice crop (Boro, Aus and Aman) was evaluated, with some determinants of technical efficiency identified, in Bangladesh. It was attempted, throughout this study, to access the status of technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh for panel data while using the Stochastic Frontier Production Model with either of truncated normal or half-normal distributional assumptions. Both time-variant and time-invariant inefficiency effects models were estimated, one at a time. Collected data from agricultural sector pertaining to three main rice crops in Bangladesh for the period of 1980 to 2008 were made used of throughout the study. The results revealed that technical efficiency gradually increased over the reference period with the half normal distribution being found preferable to the truncated normal distribution as regards the technical inefficiency effects. The value of technical efficiency was found high for Boro rice while low for Aus in comparison with Aman rice in Bangladesh for both distributions in either of time-variant or invariant ones. It was observed that the most efficient rice production system has occurred for the case of Boro with a technical efficiency of 0.98. Year wise mean technical efficiency increased during the reference time periods.

In this paper we develop an approach that synthesizes the best features of the two main methods in the estimation of production efficiency. Specifically, our approach first allows for statistical noise, similar to Stochastic Frontier analysis, and second, it allows modeling multiple-inputs-multiple-outputs technologies without imposing parametric assumptions on production relationship, similar to what is done in non-parametric methods. The methodology is based on the theory of local maximum likelihood estimation and extends recent works of Kumbhakar et al. We will use local-spherical coordinate system to transform multi-input multi-output data to more flexible system which we can use in our approach. We also illustrate the performance of our approach with simulated example.

Today, the increasing growth of population brings up a new complex horizon when considering the Frontier rural residence. In the future, the successful theory of government will be appreciated in terms of the country strategy to harness the population and to regulate its pace on a constant scale in birthplace. Some countries have adopted a new trend, creating the Frontier markets as a measure to create jobs, stabilize the population and to increase the incomes.The common Frontier markets of Bajgiran in 30 Kms of Eshgabad, Turkemenia capital, that was founded in 1375sh by socio, economical function could relieve the region of isolation and develop the infrastructure on a regional scale, and also help the rural development, stabilize the population and security. This development occurred in Bajgiran and some Frontier villages that interacted with the market. Such a model can strengthen the space links of the two,Frontier sides and help job creation, security and stability.