Iranian literature is in a close integral relationship to Islamic Gnosis and this close relationship causes us to assume a similar concurrence for both and have the same judgment on both literature and gnosis of that period too. Likewise, the superficial content of the return (recurrent) literature and excessive inattention to this literary period disparaged the mysticism accordingly. As the noble professor, Dr. Shafiee Kadkani writes: “The mysticism of this period (before constitutionalism) is repeated again. In fact none of Sofia of this period obtained a new mystical moment, while mysticism means new experiences in both language and thought”. The truth is that gnosis is a separate topic and collection which joins in literature in many cases, but the comedown of the literature of a period is never meant as any defect or failure in gnosis of that period.To confirm the above words, first a Gnostic and obscure encyclopedia written by a literate-wise historian of GHAJAR period -Reza Gholi Khan Hedayat was introduced in this paper. Then according to that valuable book, Gnosis and GHAJAR mystics would be reviewed. Next the specifications of the gnosis of this period were enumerated and a brief introduction of GHAJAR preeminent mystics would be presented too. It was surprising that among those mystics there were some illiterate commoners but super-ordinate and some literates as erstwhile mystics that joined tradition (Shariaat) and path (Tarighaat) together as if “they created a new design”. Sometimes they were severely under pressure and in another period they spent their lives in peace and quietude. The gnosis that was ignored and outcast in the late Safavi Period in Iran, however, was restored to home (Iran) by the high ambition and perseverance of those men who are unknown and obscure today and we aimed to recognize them and introduce their actions in the paper.

This article argues that Constitutionalism Movement is result of reformism in GHAJAR Era. The conquer of Constitutionalism, have been result of Iran's political- social and economic condition (circumstances) and victory of reformist actives. This survey by Considering of specifics of this movement, have been insisted on movement leaders, understanding and awareness from cultural and social modernization. In this regard constitutionalists were followers of previous reformists, who began their activites at least from rise of GHAJAR government. Therefore Constitionalism Movement was continuance of Iranian reformism history.

Nowadays hundreds of outstanding GHAJAR houses exist in Isfahan. Investigations indicate that in spite of their shape, variety and distinctive features, no serious study has been carried out about them. Whereas with regard to the special conditions of this city as far as age, political importance, the existence of special quarters for various religious sects in the past, and due to their being vulnerable because of changes in life styles, variety ofowners, migration; and on the whole, losing its attractions for presentday life, a study of Isfahan houses is essential. The research method which is used in this study is combinatory. It is considerable at the results of this study that Isfahan houses have mostly been built with an introvert inclination and architectural specifications of a semi-arid and warm climate; and that they can be divided into three types; based on their architectural space features, structure and decorations.Type one includes those which are built in early days of GHAJAR dynasty. These houses are veryintrovert and similar to those which has built during the Safavid era. The central hall is usually cross-shaped with a dome ceiling and a height of two floors.The adjacent rooms can be made possible through two lateral located halls. The skyline is horizontal, the yard is as a complete rectangle, the rooms are usually rectangular and acute angles are used in the façade. The doors and windows have two parts with a wooden horizontal dual between them. The stairs and vertical passageways are incosiderable.Type two Includes those which are built during the second half of GHAJAR Era. The most important historical feature of this era is the beginning of extensive and unilateral effects of western art and architecture on Iran; This is accompanied by a mixture of traditional architecture and European classical architecture. These effects are initially noticed in decorations. In this era semi-circular arches, European style, and realistic frescoes were greatly common. Posters, pictures, and wall-paper were used in decorating the interior partsof houses. Very fine and delicate Bote' Jegheh shapes were used to decorate halls, windows and flower-pots. Nice hallways were among artistic masterpieces andusing colored glass prevailed in this era. In this period more attention was paid on the yard façade. The prevalence of wooden ceilings instead of traditional ceilings was impressed by west and the possibility of faster implementation was the most important development in structures of Isfahan traditional houseswith more decorative variety.Type three includes a house with patterns grown out of mountainous regions and is one consisting of a winter section and a summer section on top of each other. This type is under the effect of Bakhtiari rulers of Isfahan and symbols of foreigner`s tastes. Moreover, the construction of a porch in front of the main front of the building and higher elevation of the main front from the ground, alteration of the basement to the ground floor, alteration of the skyline to a curve or triangle, and stairs gained importance were some of the most effective factors.

This scrip which is in connection with the previous article of this publication is a short introduction to some efforts made by Iranian to develop and improve public health and also urban sanitation according to historical documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.In this part, we presented a limited number of these documents containing instructions about necessity of applying a series of sanitarians efforts in the late Qajar Dynasty which imply the first official and governmental attempts in order for organizing the public health and the urban sanitation in Iran.

This research pursues the cognition Architectural and Landscape characteristics of gardens of Ghasre GHAJAR of Tehran and Takht of Shiraz, also trying to attain structural-essential patterns in both and the ways these two relate to each other, with the aim of revitalizing the patterns of terraced garden and then implementing in new Architectural-Landscape projects. This attempt is justified with the fact that this two gardens were the most prominent and important examples of terraced gardens which in turn was the most beautiful and rare types of Iranian gardens. The hypothesis of research is the use of patterns of architecture and landscape Takht garden in Ghasre GHAJAR garden. The research that is forming with librarian method, investigates the limits of this influence to see whether it is limited to just structural and physical aspects or Ghasre GHAJAR garden has also adopted characteristic design patterns and fundamental principles of Architecture and Landscape design of Takht garden. As an introduction and pre requisition for analysis and comparisons between structural-physical-characteristical patterns of this two gardens, the description and history of the Takht garden, accompanied with the precise structural description of both two gardens is presented here. The result of this research shows that considering all the analysis and comparisons–done in this research- and the succession of Ghasre GHAJAR garden to Takht garden, it was influenced only structural-physical aspects of its landscape design and there are characterestical differences between design patterns of these two which have laid the ground for the realization of two different kinds of relation between garden and nature. Takht garden, like common trends of relation between nature and garden in Persian garden, has chosen the " with nature" trend, on the contrary(and to the most Persian gardens) Ghasre GHAJAR garden has approached to the "dominant on nature" trend.

Nowadays, ambivalenceinclude differentelemdnts of human’s life and its spreading has been a social issue. For discovering the origin of for ementionedissue, it is necessary to investigate its historical background. As GHAJAR are has been exposed to many challenges of traditional and modern values, it can be producer of all types of ambivalences,therefore this issue has been investigated from the point of view of English travel writers who have had association with people and specilly with GHAJARcouqp at that time.the population (statistical society) of this research includes all of the itineries written by Englishmen who have traveled to Iran in GHAJAR career. That from among them 34 itineraries have been selected as sample (through purposeful sampling) investigating of all types of sociological ambivalence and psychological ambivalence has been done through Robert merton, typological approach in sociological ambivalence theory, also these typs have been investigated and classified by using historical investigation techniques and content analysis.The results show that: from among 6 kinds of sociological and psychological ambivalence, all kinds except 3 type have been refered to in mentioned intineration in GHAJAR, are highest amount of sociological ambivalence is dedicated to type 5 (alteraction between cultural structure and social structure ) that has been manifested in “aberrant behavior” (psychological ambivalence) in the next level, the 6 type of sociological ambivalence (different collections of cultural values) has been mostly dedicated to imitation of court from western lifestyle. The mentioned ambivalences have been mostly observed among Iranian base and in “cultural –political field” and in “naseredin shah” and then “fathali shah” GHAJARera. Regarding content analysis of itineraries,the final analysis of shows the effect of specific feature of social – cultural structure of GHAJAR are on the spreading of ambivalence.

By the end of the nineteenth century some countries that had trade relations with Iran established a quarantine stations at the southern ports. This was due to the spreading of cholera and pestilence especially in those regions as well as to a significant number of casualties. Later quarantines were adapted as a tool of colonial influence in order to pressurize the Iranian government.In fact the quarantine was placed in critical frontiers caused a lot of problem for both the governments and people scattering quarrels in frontier quarantines and excessive letters between Iran and England.In this review we aimed at surveying documents and papers remained from the past. Also in this review more attention has been paid to some issues which involve reasons of setting up quarantine stations in Iran and the resulted problems for government, frontiersman and pilgrims.

Morris believes that the townscape of the Islamic cities is affected by two sets of early and late factors. The early factors relate to heritage of Arabia and the Ancient Mesopotamia, and the late factors concern with the answers to the requirements of Islam. Being included in both factors, the roads and passageways have been affected by and also effective on the townscape. This paper intends to study the factors that were effective on the formation of city roads during GHAJAR Dynasty, surveying the bilateral effects of them on the formation of urban structural system. To achieve the mentioned goal, the study attempts to analyze structural features of Tabriz in the GHAJAR period, highlighting the impact of roads and passageways on the quality of the space-communication of city.The study shows that Tabriz city inherited the changes of periods before the overall body of the city during the GHAJAR Dynasty. The two major roads, namely the Silk Road and the road from Baghdad to Rey, were among significant factors in the formation and development of some major structures such as Bazaar, and governmental complex and developing of residential districts, and consequently the expansion of inter-city road frameworks. All these changes along with the improvements in GHAJAR Dynasty caused a closely-woven, practical and cohesive framework of roads to be made. Being located in a hierarchy and attracting architectural and urban factors in the best way, the framework of roads addressed the requirements of city communication.

Kermanshahan was considered as one of the frontiers in Iran since the Sufi period. As it was located in the boundary of Usmani, it was very important for central government. The central government pillars tried to maintain Kermanshahan discipline. The main players of this state were tribes and clans until the formation of the central government. The army in the region was dependent on the tribes exclusively. This effectiveness of the army demanded more efforts. One of the main factors of the military force's effectiveness during the historical periods was their disciplined and on_ time payments. As most of the troops in Iran came from the tribes. When the situation of the region was stable, the delayed payments didn't cause a significant challenge for the central government, because the leaders of the military forces were just the leaders of the tribes and the social structure of the tribes didn't allow them to complaint, but during the unstable situation this took another form completely. The only thing which kept the army obedient was the orderly and on_ time payment; thus this research investigates the challenges of the army payments in Kermanshahan and it's consequences. The research method is analytical _descriptive and data was collected using library _predicative method. Finally according to the obtained results from the resources and documents it has been concluded. The research results indicate that there was no equal and ordered rule for army payments and also a meaningful difference was observed between the troops and officer payments. Nevertheless as the officers were just the leaders of the tribes, the delay in the payments didn't allow them to complaint, but this showed itself in different forms during the political instabilities.

The promotion of technology and science is one of the Manifestations of community development and is one of the main programs in developing countries. Following this development limitations and problems also appear. Due to advances in technology and consequently increasing energy consumption, especially in the housing sector, numerous issues including costs and environmental pollution, arise. In parallel to these issues in recent decades, in the design of small and medium-sized country houses, the calculations of the installation engineer related to comfort and low energy consumption have received little attention. Whereas in the past, according to traditional Iranian architectural patterns, passive cooling without energy consumption has been the most important part of providing comfort in hot and dry climates. Also, it seems to be a particular link between the architectural design patterns formed by geometrical proportions and the climatic design, that made the design faster and less neglected to provide comfort. However, today, with advanced computing technologies, we still see numerous buildings with severe deficiencies in climate design. This article assumes that there is a significant geometric structure from the perspective of static cooling in the traditional houses of Shiraz, seeking to find the relationship between the geometric structure of the architectural design to detect the optimal conditions of comfort with the lowest energy consumption and the fastest design time. In this regard, evaluating past designs with a point of view of energy based on new standards is a priority for the research path. The research method is descriptive-analytical and due to variation in passive cooling techniques and methods, along with computer analysis. After selecting the samples according to the criteria and extracting the geometric design pattern, base model production and energy analysis with the use of Design Builder software are performed, which enables the evaluation of the energy level of houses by adaptation of the analysis to the Iranian energy classification standard. Finally, it can be concluded that the geometrical and structural patterns used in the selected homes are significantly consistent with the comfort conditions. In other words, the numerical proportions available at "Peymon", could produce a structure of dimensions and coexistence of components at the time of architectural designing that, in addition to meeting the structural and aesthetic requirements, were responsive to current energy consumption standards. At the time of the designing of the buildings, due to the lack of installation systems, this privilege was obtained only through static methods. In the performed analyzes, all extracted base patterns without any change in the components conducted Energy class label C. Next; it was possible to upgrade to B and A levels by optimizing the structure with thermal Insulation and double glazed window, etc. In the end, we can say that the modern architectural design inspired by the "peymoon" theory can increase the quality of energy consumption in the buildings with high speed and ease. So if in today's buildings, in the architectural design process, we use a pattern-based approach to the peymoon structure, at least in possible parts such as facades or general geometry؛ Not only can design time be reduced, but even without the need for installation engineer calculations in the energy field (which is usually eliminated in the design of small and sometimes medium-sized houses) much better conditions can be achieved in terms of energy efficiency.