Background: GLYCOSIDASES profusion in male reproductive fluids suggests a possible relationship with sperm function. Although Hexosaminidase (Hex) is the most active glycosidase in epididymal fluid and seminal plasma, as well as in spermatozoa, Glucosidase is considered a marker for epididymal function and azoospermia.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine Hex activity in seminal plasma from patients with normal and abnormal spermograms and analyze its correlation with seminal parameters.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, seminal plasma from azoospermic, asthenozoospermic, teratozoospermic, and normozoospermic patients was analyzed for the activity of: total Hex, HexA isoform, and glucosidase. Besides, hexosamine levels were determined, and the amount of Hex was quantified by immunoblot with a specific antibody. Correlation of Hex activity with seminal parameters was also analyzed.Results: Hex activity, like glucosidase, was significantly reduced in azoospermic samples (44, 49, and 60% reduction for total Hex, HexA and glucosidase, respectively). A reduced amount of Hex in azoospermic samples was confirmed by western immunoblot. Hex activity was negatively correlated with round cells in azoospermic samples and positively correlated with motility in asthenozoospermic ones.Conclusion: The results suggested that Hex activity was reduced in azoospermic samples and this was due to a lower amount of enzyme. The correlation to seminal parameters related to particular pathologies suggests a possible relationship of Hex with fertilizing capacity.

Introduction: b-D-Xylosidases (EC 3.2.1.37), one of the most important hemicellulases with high potential industrial application such as bioethanol production, are exo-type GLYCOSIDASES that catalyze the successive removal of b-xylosyl residues from the non-reducing termini of xylobiose and higher linear b- 1, 4-xylooligosaccharides and in conjunction with b-xylanases are essential in completely depolymerizing xylan. The aim of this study was secretive expression of bacterial b-xylosidase gene including hexahistidintag in Pichia pastoris in order to achieve high level expression and enzyme purification subsequently.Materials and Methods: In this study, after optimizing the sequence of protein encoding bacterial b- xylosidase based on the expression codon usage of Pichia pastoris and addition of 6xHis-tag sequence through suitable designed primers to gene, transformation of recombinant plasmids was performed through electroporation method into the expression yeast.Results: The results showed that the recombinant b-xylosidase production was 40 U/L with 0.6 U/mg specific activity in flask culture.Conclusion: Cloning and successful expression of bacterial b-xylosidase gene was carried out in order to obtain an active and stable enzyme with high level expression from yeast expression system.

Background and Aims: Oral bacteria play an important role in oral diseases, due to their high adaptability to different environmental areas of the mouth. In this article, an attempt was made to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the physiological relationships of oral and dental environment bacteria and their pathogenic significance with molecular approaches. Materials and Methods: The present systematic review was written based on the advanced and standard search of keywords including Oral bacteria, Biofilm, and Dental diseases in PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. For this purpose, an advanced and systematic search of articles published from 1993 to 2023 was conducted to compile the present article. Results: Bacteria in the oral cavity have nutritional adaptations that are important for living in pathogen-host relationships, including adapting to proteolytic living conditions, using the host's glycome as a nutritional interface. This includes the use of host-derived sialic acid and other GLYCOSIDASES in oral bacteria. Some of these bacteria adhere to surfaces such as salivary, epithelial proteins, and glycans, which ultimately lead to biofilm formation. Bacteria living in the oral environment are constantly exposed to a wide range of stress-causing factors and oxidative stress in the biofilm. Conclusion: Dental caries, pulp, periapical, and periodontitis diseases (including gingivitis) are among the most common bacterial diseases. Among them, tooth decay caused by the presence of Streptococcus mutans is the most common dental disease due to the production of acids from carbohydrate fermentation which is characterized by the demineralization of tooth structure.