Objective: Identification of the infecting virus genotype has become relevant in the investigation of many aspects of HCV infection, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, and response to antiviral therapy.  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Khuzestan province. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and eighty patients (188 men and 92 women; mean age 33±9.2 years) with chronic hepatitis C infection were included. Type-specific Multiplex nested-PCR for HCV Genotyping was used.Results: The genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a and 1a+1b were present in 46.4% (130), 16.1% (45), 35.4% (99) and 2.1% (6) of the patients, respectively. The genotypes 2a and 2b were not found in the study population. Furthermore, was no significant correlation was found among HCV genotype frequency with gender or age of the patients. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the dominant HCV genotype among hepatitis C patients living Khuzestan province is 1a.

High density linkage maps are essential for precise mapping of gene loci controlling quantitative traits. In the present study, a high density linkage map of spring wheat recombinant inbred lines population derived from a cross between Yecora Rojo and No. 49 was constructed using Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method. To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sequencing of parents and recombinant inbred lines was carried out at three lanes of Illumina Hiseq 2500. In total, more than 36 thousand SNP were identified of which 804 SNPs were not aligned to any wheat chromosome. Among these SNPs, 3042, 3977 and 769 SNPs were belonged to A, B and D sub genomes, respectively. After removing SNPs with ≥ 20% missing data and minimum allele frequency ≤ 0. 05 as well as loci segregating from 1: 1 Mendelian ratio, in total 5831 polymorphic SNPs identified and assigned to 21 chromosomes of wheat. These markers spanned 3642. 14 cM of the wheat genome with an average marker density of 0. 62 (markers/cM).

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus Group A is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis as it is isolated from 30 to 50% of infant diarrhea from humans and other animals. G genotype of the virus is determined by gene sequence of a surface protein of the virus (VP7), one of the most important factors in inducing immunity against the virus which acts very specific to each genotype. OBJECTIVES: In the present study the presence of common bovine rotavirus genotypes A was examined in human rotavirus population. METHODS: A total of 100 stool samples from children under 2 years of age in Tehran and Varamin were collected and to track the presence of rotavirus A, were evaluated using ELISA method. Positive samples were isolated and cultured on the MA-104 cell line after several passages. The positive samples (49 samples) were determined to be the G type using semi-nested RT-PCR and primers specific for bovine common genotype. RESULTS: From 100 samples, 49 were positive in ELISA. Eight samples in the first semi nested RT-PCR showed the desired rotavirus bands and in the second round, the results were positive for the presence of bovine VP7 in two samples taken from Varamin, in one sample, G6, and in another sample, two genotypes of VP7, G6 and G8 were detected, indicating infection with at least two strains of human rotavirus reassortant. Six of the ELISA selected positive samples that were taken to the cell line MA104, showed effects of cell damage (CPE) after 4-5 consecutive passages, demonstrating proliferation of the rotaviruses of this study and so, their viability was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate reassortment between bovine and human rotaviruses and show that in case of occurrence of bovine and human rotavirus infection and the emergence of new human type, due to reassortment strain differences in protein immunogen it is possible to overcome due to lack of maternal immunity in the human population and low efficiency of current vaccines and, ultimately, epidemic and considerable losses may occur. Hence, more research is warranted.

Background and Purpose: Candida parapsilosis is a predominant species found in nosocomial infection, particularly in hospitalized patients. The molecular epidemiology of the clinical strains of this species has not been well studied. The present study was performed with the aim of investigating the microsatellite Genotyping of Candida parapsilosis among the Iranian clinical isolates.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 81 independent clinical C. parapsilosis isolates that were genotyped by using a panel of six microsatellite markers.Results: The short tandem repeat (STR) typing of clinical C. parapsilosis isolates demonstrated 68 separate genotypes, among which 57 genotypes were observed once and the remaining 11 cases were identified for multiple times. The Simpson’s diversity index for the panel of combined six markers yielded a diversity index of 0.9951. The heterogeneity was observed among the Iranian and the Netherlands clinical C. parapsilosis isolates.Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the clinical C. parapsilosis isolates from Iran showed a high genetic diversity. It can be concluded that molecular epidemiology could be useful for screening during outbreak investigation where C. parapsilosis is involved.