This paper is an attempt to analyze the ergative constructions in HAWRAMI. Like other Kurdish dialects, HAWRAMI utilizes split ergativity only in the aorist constructions. Along with the process of Clitic Doubling, this dialect uses another mechanism for manifesting the ergative pattern. This rare mechanism is only found in HAWRAMI and not elsewhere in Kurdish. In the constructions, which are derived according to the second mechanism, the direct object and the subject undergo the processes of toplicalization and focusing, respectively. Hence, comparing to the other ergative constructions, which are derived on the basis of Clitic Doubling, these specific constructions bear a more marked semantic interpretation. The constituents of these marked ergative constructions follow a rigid order: the direct object appears at the beginning, the subject, which is always accompanied by Oblique case marker, gets the second position, and the final position is occupied by the past transitive verb. Making any slight change in this order would result in the ungrammaticality of the construction. The present paper, on the one hand, tries to describe the main characteristics of both marked and unmarked ergative constructions in HAWRAMI, and seeks to provide a theoretical account for the derivation of marked ergative constructions and their characteristics on the other. The proposed account is mainly based on the theoretical apparatus of Minimalist Program, especially the recently introduced notions of Split CP Hypothesis, Focus Phrase, and Topic Phrase.

The present paper tries to introduce a special type of verbal constructions in "HAWRAMI". These constructions, called emphatic progressive verbs in this paper, are composed of two conjoined parts: the infinitive plus present continuous, past continuous, and simple past verbs; nothing but agreement clitics (either subject-referring clitics in ergative constructions or object-referring clitics in non-ergative constructions) can separate these two parts. The functions of these constructions are: forming progressive aspect (while used with present and past continuous verbs), and emphasizing the verb (while used with simple past verbs); the former function is more unmarked than the latter one. These two functions will be differentiated on the basis of Givon's (2001) view on the nature of informative and contrastive focuses. Since these constructions are highly influenced by the information status of their constituents, the derivational process of these constructions can be looked at from the perspective of the information structure theory.

Left Dislocation (LD) refers to the syntactic phenomenon in which an element is moved from its underlying position and placed at the beginning of the clause. A resumptive element occupies the underlying position of the LD-ed element. A primary objective of this study is to identify and investigate different types of Left dislocation constructions in HAWRAMI dialect, emphasizing their information structure. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data elicitation was conducted through interviews with native speakers. The data demonstrates that there exist two types of dislocation, that is, Clitic Left Dislocation and Contrastive Left Dislocation. Specifically, three main information functions are identified for Left Dislocation constructions: aboutness topic, contrastive topic and focus. In addition, Clitic Doubling and Topicalization as two constructions displaying surface resemblances to the Left Dislocation construction are discussed. Upon closer inspection, the identity hypothesis of Left Dislocation and Clitic Doubling is rejected.

Previous studies have focused mostly on the syntactic features of the linking particle (Ezafe) in simple noun phrases with little attention paid to its semantic representations and functions specifically within the context of deverbal noun phrases. The present study aims to analyze semantic functions of the linking particle as it appears between a deverbal noun and its various modifiers, and compare them with their corresponding elements in sentences in a Distributed Morphology framework (DM) in HAWRAMI. This study shows this ancient linker's trace in most Kurdish dialects exhibits agentive semantic functions in addition to expressing possession and modification. Furthermore, the subject of unaccusative verbs at the sentential level is realized as the patient/possessor or as the theme/possessor of their corresponding deverbal noun phrases. However, the subject of unergative verbs assumes the agentive/possessor role in their corresponding noun phrases. Moreover, the object of transitive and ditransitive verbs is represented as a patient or theme, and also as a possessed entity before the subject is realized as the possessor in the corresponding deverbal noun phrases. Results indicate that the representation of both sentences and their corresponding deverbal noun phrases within DM framework provides stronger support for a syntactic movement account of deverbal noun phrases, their semantic functions, and properties in HAWRAMI.

A significant part of the Iranian dialectology literature consists of older researches which are still referred to and utilized; such as Oranski (1960), Mackenzie (1966), Blau (1989a & 1989b). Nonetheless, their achievements need to be re-examined through detailed documentations, within modern theoretical frameworks and methodologies as well. The older studies on HAWRAMI by western linguists should also be placed in this collection. The speculations about the status of HAWRAMI within the Iranian languages family have always been needed to be scrutinized and accredited. There is adequate evidence that reveals historical relationship between HAWRAMI and different Iranian Languages, which in turn furnishes us with new speculations on the status of HAWRAMI within the Iranian languages...

Accounting for the verbal agreement and its interaction with case marking in both accusative and ergative alignments have always been an interesting line of investigation in generative syntax. Two main approaches have been proposed in this regard within the general framework of Minimalism. The first one, referred to as the classic approach in the available literature, envisages agreement as a parallel mechanism with case marking, taking place in narrow syntax. The second approach, generally known as dependent case-marking approach, not only separates agreement from case marking, but also analyzes it as a two-step phenomenon being unfolded both in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link, and PF, through Agree-Copy. Employing the theoretical apparatus of the dependent case-marking approach, the present paper seeks to study the patterns of verbal agreement in ergative constructions in HAWRAMI. The explanatory adequacy of this very approach is specifically observed in the theoretical analysis of a special type of ergative constructions in which the direct object takes the form of a possessive NP. The manner through which the possessor of the direct object is overtly manifested in these ergative constructions can determine the outcome of the verbal agreement: if the possessor is expressed via person-marker clitics, the verb agrees in person and number with the possessor, however, if the possessor is realized as an overt NP, the verb agrees with the possessed element. With the intention of analyzing this pattern, it is argued that in both cases the potential targets which the head of T, and consequently the main verb, can agree with are determined in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link while the ultimate form of the agreement affix is determined post-syntactically via Agree-Copy. More specifically, we maintain that Agree-Copy has a direct access to the internal structure of potential targets, and this very fact plays a vital role in determination of agreement patterns.

The ethno-cultural region of Hawraman encounters a multiple and complex combination of identity sources which its understanding calls for deep and contextual investigation. Applying a qualitative approach, the present study attempts to discuss the identity sources of HAWRAMI people. To these end, a half-structured interview was conducted with 33 HAWRAMI key commentaries and experts selected with maximum variation; Data were gathered. In order to analyze the data, we used Nvivo and MAXQDA software based on conventional qualitative content analysis proposed by Lundman and Greneheim. The findings of the study demonstrated that the identity sources of Hawraman consists of four themes: “ HAWRAMI-Kurdish ethnical identity” , “ Iranian national identity” , “ religious identity” , and “ modern identity” . The category of HAWRAMI-Kurdish identity includes HAWRAMI language and literature, HAWRAMI symbols, sense of attachment and feeling proud of being a HAWRAMI, preserving and defending HAWRAMI sources and interests, music and songs and the emphasis on social integrity of different regions as Kurd people. The Iranian national identity includes the everyday presence of Persian language, music and songs, rituals and Iranian values, and national loyalty. Religious identity embraces the beliefs, rituals, Sufism, Ghaderi and Naghshbandi mysticisms, the state of religion, tolerance and revitalization-fundamentalism. In the category of modern identity, we shall see challenging the ancestor’ s beliefs, intellect, criticism and awareness, humanism and tendency towards modernism, cosmopolitanism and consumption. At the end of the study, according to the findings, the identity sources of HAWRAMI people model was recognized and represented.

The argument structure of di-transitive verbs in Iranian languages has been studied less than what it deserves. A lot of studies in this concern have been devoted to two kinds of constructions containing di-transitive verbs in English, called double object constructions and double complement constructions. Studies in other languages have compared them with those of English. However, in HAWRAMI Kurdish, there are two sorts of these verbs called main di-transitive verbs and subsidiary double object constructions. The aim of this paper was to investigate the argument structure of the main di-transitive verbs in HAWRAMI with due attention to determining their categorization, syntactic structure and semantic realization. These verbs were divided into two kinds of possessive transfer and location transfer and then they were described. A sample of both kinds of verbs was analyzed under theoretical framework of Minimalist Program (MP) /Distributed Morphology (DM). The results showed that the argument structure of both kinds of verbs becomes compatible with that of low ApplP structure proposed by Pylkkanen with some revisions. Furthermore, there are more similarities and some differences between the argument structure of these two kinds of verbs, regarding their categorization, syntactic structure and semantic realization.

In this descriptive-analytic study, firstly, compound adjectives of HAWRAMI Kurdish of Paveh gathered from Persian-Kurdish Dictionary (Mardukh Ruhani et al., (3 Vols. ), 2006), along with 25 others added by one of the authors who is the speaker of HAWRAMI Kurdish of Paveh. Then, the data were examined based on cognitive linguistics and Hamawand’, s (2011) model of cognitive morphology. The semantic relationship between the head and the modifier of these adjectives were analyzed based on three cognitive operations,categorization, configuration and conceptualization. The results indicated that nine out of twelve categories proposed by Hamawand can be seen in HAWRAMI Kurdish of Paveh (including adjectives in which modifier shows the goal, or place of the head, or doesn't have the feature mentioned by the head, or adjectives whose head shows type, feature, size, activity, tendency, or moving toward the modifier). There are, also, four more categories which are not mentioned in Hamawand’, s model but exist in HAWRAMI Kurdish of Paveh (including adjectives whose modifiers show the quantity, range, feature or resemblance of the head). There are also three inter-wordclass-and three intra-word-class-domains and six construals in compound adjectives of HAWRAMI Kurdish of Paveh.

The present paper focuses on the effects of discourse and pragmatic factors on the determination of case system in HAWRAMI. Du Bois (1987) argues that dominant case systems in any language cannot be thoroughly accounted for unless pragmatic factors are taken into consideration. He further shows that certain features of narrative discourse creates a special discourse tendency, called “Preferred Argument Structure”, whose defining characteristics are exactly the same as those of “Ergative systems”. The way this pragmatic tendency competes with other pragmatic factors, which exhibit accusative-like features, ultimately determines the case system in syntax. In this paper, it is first shown that, although preferred argument structure is observed in all syntactic constructions of HAWRAMI, its effect in aorist constructions is more prominent than in the present constructions, and this very fact causes the former set of constructions to become Ergative. Other competing pragmatic tendencies like topic animacy and topic continuity, unlike the preferred argument structure, always motivate the accusative case pattern in syntax. The effects of each of these two factors on determination of accusative case system in the present constructions are not the same; only topic animacy has the potential to set the ultimate case system in syntax as accusative. From a theoretical point of view, the empirical findings of this research may lend more support to those functionally-oriented theories of language, which consider the syntactic properties of languages as direct results of pragmatic considerations and communicative needs of speakers.