In order to evaluate RESISTANCE of Phalaris minor biotypes, sampled from wheat fields of Fars AND Golestan provinces, to ACCASE inhibiting HERBICIDEs, a dose-response study was conducted under controlled conditions in greenhouse of Ferdwosi University of Mashhad. The results indicated that AR, SR3, MR4, FR2, FR4, AND FR8 populations of Fars AND GR2-1 biotype from Golestan have been resistant to diclofop-methlyl. Different levels of RESISTANCE maybe are because of involving different mechanisms in studied populations. AR, SR3, AND MR4 showed a cross-RESISTANCE to the applied HERBICIDEs. These biotypes indicated a 5- to 11-fold AND a 7- to 8-fold increase in RESISTANCE to diclofop-methlyl AND clodinafop-propargyl, respectively compared with the susceptible biotype. Among these biotypes, SR3 showed the highest RESISTANCE to both HERBICIDEs.

Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a most prevalent weed in Bizerte region AND caused losses in yield. Farmers used HERBICIDEs to control ryegrass in cereal crops. Thirteen HERBICIDEs (ALS INHIBITORs, ACCASE INHIBITORs AND PSII INHIBITORs) were used in the field experiment to evaluate their efficacy AND their effect on yields of wheat AND of ryegrass. The trial was installed in RANDomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in Bizerte. Seeds of ryegrass collected from Bizerte during surveys were the subject of the RESISTANCE detection to the ALS INHIBITOR HERBICIDEs [AmilcarWG® (mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron)] AND to the ACCASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDEs [Topik® (clodinafop-propagyl)] by a pot experiment method. The results of the field experiment showed that only Tolurex® [Chlortoluron (PSII INHIBITOR)] has the best efficacy (83.6%), but all other HERBICIDEs (ALS AND ACCASE INHIBITORs) have insufficient efficacy on ryegrass. Then, over 60% of ryegrass populations were escaped to treatments ACCASE AND ALS-inhibiting HERBICIDEs that are not statistically different. The low efficacy of HERBICIDEs (ALS AND ACCASE INHIBITORs) was not explained by a high density of ryegrass, but by the presence of HERBICIDE RESISTANCE in ryegrass populations in Bizerte. These results were confirmed by the pot experiment method. The count of the surviving plants of ryegrass (30 DAT) in pot experiment method revealed that 70% of ryegrass populations are resistant to both HERBICIDEs INHIBITORs (ACCASE AND ALS). Similarly, the percentage of reduction in fresh weight of ryegrass, compared to untreated control, showed over 80% of the ryegrass populations was resistant to ACCASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDEs AND to ALS INHIBITOR HERBICIDEs.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen AND water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free AND weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation AND water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation AND nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control AND total weed dry weight decreased to 341 AND 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen AND nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control AND increased grain yield.

In order to detect the probability of ACCASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDEs target-site based RESISTANCE of 13 wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Deuri. ) biotypes, molecular experiments were performed using CAPS AND dCAPS methods. Biotypes were collected from khuzestan province AND which showed cross-resitance to ACCASE INHIBITORs. The above-mentioned molecular methods were used to identify the locations of four important mutations (Isoleucine-2041-Asparagine, Cystein-2088-Arginin, Isoleucine-1781-Leucine AND Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine) responsible for target site based HERBICIDE RESISTANCE in the carboxyltransferase domain of ACCASE enzyme. Both approaches involve DNA extraction, PCR using specific primers AND restriction digests of PCR products with restriction enzymes. Results of experiments showed that Isoleucine-1781-Leucine AND Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine mutations were observed in 53. 8% AND 7. 6% of resistant wild oat biotypes, respectively. Among the investigated biotypes, only one biotype had two mutations (Isoleucine-1781-Leucine AND Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine). Thus, different mutations in the carboxyl transferase domain of ACCASE enzyme were the reason of various cross RESISTANCE patterns among wild oat biotypes.

In order to determine efficacy of some registered graminicides in control of resistant AND susceptible ryegrass biotypes, two greenhouse trials were conducted at weed research department of Iranian plant protection research institute during 2007. Experimental design was completely rANDomized design with eight replications. The susceptible AND resistant biotypes were treated by 19 HERBICIDEs included 10 acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibiting HERBICIDEs, 6 acetolactate synthase inhibiting HERBICIDEs AND 3 HERBICIDEs with different mode of action. Ryegrass biotypes were treated in 4 leaves stage by recommended dose of HERBICIDE. Number of survived plant per pot, fresh AND dry weight (30 days after HERBICIDE application) AND EWRC visual rating (15 AND 30 days after HERBICIDE application) was measured.  Results showed that clodinofop-propargil cycloxidim, pinoxadon (at 450 AND 600 ml.ha-1), iodosolforon + mesosolforon (chovalieh), iodosolforon + mesosolforon (Atlantis) AND isoprotron + diflofnikan had very good to optimum control of susceptible biotype. Results also indicated that cytoxidim, iodosolforon + mesosolforon (Atlantis), pinoxadon at 600 ml.ha-1 AND isoprotron + diflofnikan had very good to optimum control of resistant biotype. Diclofopmethyl, cytoxidim AND clorosolforon had less optimum control of susceptible biotype. Finally, iodosolforon + mesosolforon (Atlantis), isoprotron + diflofnikan AND pinoxadon at 600 ml/ha were advised to control resistant biotype to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibiting HERBICIDEs in wheat fields. It is also recommended to consider crop rotation as well as HERBICIDE rotation to use these HERBICIDEs continuously.

RESISTANCE is one of the fundamental Quranic values in the cause of the development of the Islamic society AND the formation of the Islamic civilization, which means stANDing AND resisting against something has upset the balance in internal AND external dimensions. The formation of this value in the society as one of the methods of the conventional model of human life in the fields of human life; So that its manifestation can be observed in the totality of social behaviors, it is called the culture of RESISTANCE (Problem statement). The purpose of this article is the achievement of the engineering process of this value in a society based on the growth-oriented thought (ideological) system of the Holy Quran (Purpose). Now the question is what process does the Holy Quran propose in order to engineer the culture of RESISTANCE in the society? (Question). The necessity of examining this issue is clear considering the emphasis of religious teachings on this value AND the need for Islamic societies, especially considering the current conditions of Islam AND the need for convergence AND coordination between the RESISTANCE front (Necessity). The research method in stating the engineering process AND its components is qualitative content analysis with an analogy approach (Method). The findings of the research show that the engineering process of RESISTANCE culture is based on a self-awareness AND purposefulness, according to the idea of Quranic growth, in a three-stage process that leads to the happiness of man AND human society (Conclusion).

To study the molecular basis for RESISTANCE of Lolium rigidum populations (from Fars Province) to Aryloxyphenoxy Propionate HERBICIDE through dCAPS method, an experiment was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory of Shiraz University.Eighteen populations of L. rigium suspected of HERBICIDE RESISTANCE, from Zarghan, Fasa. Noorabad AND Firoozabad areas which had survived a recomended dose of Clodinafop-propargyl HERBICIDE were tested through molecular assay. dCAPS method was carried out in three steps including DNA extraction, PCR AND enzyme digestion to determine the molecular basis for HERBICIDE RESISTANCE. The results showed that among these populations, 11 were resistant homozygous, 3 were resistant heterozygous AND four ones susceptible. It is probable that substitution of isoleucine by leucine at the equilalence of residue 1781 of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACCASE) AND mutation at position 1781 of ACCASE enzyme has resulted in the high RESISTANCE in someL. rigidum populations against the mentioned HERBICIDE.