In the present study volume of fluid based (VOF) interface tracking method has been used for the simulation of hydrodynamics of Taylor bubble flow in one unit cell. In this case the stationary bubble is supposed in an axis symmetric domain and the liquid flows over it. Afterwards, the effects of different parameters such as capillary number, gas volume fraction, unit cell length and capillary diameter on Interphase mass transfer in Taylor flow have been investigated. Finally based on CFD simulation results a correlation has been proposed for Interphase mass transfer coefficient. The ability for prediction of mass transfer coefficient in wide range of capillary number is the great advantage of the proposed correlation. In this correlation the change of bubble shape with capillary number has been regarded.

Introduction: Heavy ions are nucleus of elements of iron, argon, carbon and neon that all carry positive electrical charges. For these particles to be useful in radiotherapy they need to accelerated to high energy by more than thousand mega volts. Also the cosmic environment is considered to be a complicated mixture of highly energetic photons and heavy ions such as iron. Therefore, the health risks to astronauts during long mission should be considered.Materials and Methods: The induction of Interphase death was tested on Chinese hamster ovary cells by exposing them to accelerated heavy ions (carbon, neon, argon and iron) of 10-2000 linear energy transfers (LETs). The fraction of cells that underwent Interphase death was determined by observing individual cells with time-lapse photography (direct method) as well as by the indirect method of counting cells undergoing Interphase death made visible by the addition of caffeine (indirect method).Results: The Interphase death due to the exposure to X- rays is increased linearly as the dose exceeds the threshold dose of 10 Gy. Whereas the Interphase death increases at a higher rate due to the exposure to high LET heavy ions and no threshold dose was observed. The range of LET values corresponding to the maximum RBE for the Interphase death is 120-230 keV/mm. The probability of inducing the Interphase death by a single heavy ion traversing through the nucleus is about 0.04-0.08.Discussion and Conclusion: The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions as compared to X- rays as determined at the 50% level of induction is increased with LET. It reached a maximum value at a LET of approximately 230 keV/mm and then decreased with further increase in LET. The range of LET values corresponding to the maximum RBE appears to be narrower for Interphase death than for reproductive death.

Background: Parental anxiety while waiting for the results of amniocentesis has been investigated by many authors. It seems that the implementation of faster techniques such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) will have some benefits in reducing this anxiety. Besides the patients' attitudes to choosing this method, gynecologists who are the persons responsible for treatment, must feel comfortable about prescribing FISH techniques.Materials and Methods: This study, using a simple methodology, was undertaken to evaluate the results of FISH tests on the amniotic fluid from 40 pregnant women undergoing cesarean surgery. Two sets of probes including X/Y cocktail and 13, 21 and 18 were applied on different slides. Results: The results of FISH tests were compared with the reports of the pediatrician about the health condition of the newborn. Complete conformity between the two sets of findings, have convinced our gynecologists of the benefit of prescribing this method to reduce the anxiety of patients at risk of having abnormal offspring due to chromosomal anuploidies.Conclusion: As has been documented by many authors, conventional chromosome analysis has great advantages over fluorescence in situ hybridization of Interphase amniocytes, but reducing the anxiety of parents is a good reason for employing the FISH technique.