Eco is one of the relatively successful regional trade associations of Which Iran has been an active member since its formation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a group of new independent Moslem states, together with Afghanistan, Joined ECO. Due to the fact that Russian and Chinese economies seem to. Complement those of ECO members, this study examines the effects of the said countries Joining, ECO. Based on econometric results using the gravity model, in the first model in which the common border among countries under study is not considered, with Russia Joining ECO, the volume of trade among the countries under study is greater than the Original situation, and the situation of China membership. In the second model, in which common border is considered, the amount of trade is greatest when China joins the group.

After the 53rd World Health Assembly in the year 2000, the significance of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as chronic respiratory disorders prompted the formation of a coalition under the supervision of World Health Organization and the cooperation and collaboration of related stakeholders. In this respect, 4 meetings were held during the years 2001-2004 leading to the formation of a coalition of medical federations, organizations and associations called the "Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases" abbreviated GARD…

Carbide ceramics such as boron carbide due to their unique properties such as low density, high refractoriness, and high strength to weight ratio have many applications in different industries. This study focuses on direct bonding of boron carbide for high temperature applications using nickel interlayer. The process variables such as bonding time, temperature, and pressure have been investigated. The microstructure of the joint area was studied using electron scanning microscope (SEM) technique. At all the bonding temperatures ranging from 1150 to 1300°C a reaction layer formed across the ceramic/metal interface. The thickness of the reaction layer increased by increasing temperature. The strength of the bonded samples was measured using shear testing method. The highest strength value obtained was about 100 MPa and belonged to the samples bonded at 1250 for 75 min bonding time. The strength of the joints decreased by increasing the bonding temperature above 1250°C. The results of this study showed that direct bonding technique along with nickel interlayer can be successfully utilized for bonding boron carbide ceramic to itself This method may be used for bonding boron carbide to metals as well.

Structural sandwich beams are widely used because of their high specific stiffness and strength, noise reduction, thermal insulation and impact energy absorption characteristics. Conventional manufacturing method of composite sandwich structures is completed by a separate adhesive Joining stage by which the composite faces are joined to the core. In this investigation, liquid phase sintering in the Al-Zn alloy system was used in order to form a diffusion bond between metallic foam and plate. Joining treatment was conducted at 610oC for 30 minutes in an inert atmosphere. The shear strength of the joint was measured to be about 4.8 kPa.

The objective of the present study was to join silicon nitride ceramic (Si3N4) to molybdenum using a brazing technique. A commercially available Ag- Cu-Ti brazing alloy (Cusil-ABA) was used as the filler metal. Using sessile drop method, it was found that the Cusil alloy was able to wet Si3N4 adequately. Joining experiments were performed at 900°C. The results of the study showed that Si3N4 can be brazed to Mo using Cusil-ABA with no sever degradation of the parent materials. The room temperature four-point bend strength of the Si3N4-Mo joints was found to be about 390 MPa.

Peasants supported the feudal system throughout history especially before the eighteenth century in Europe. But developments that occurred between the eighteenth century and the twentieth century changed the political role of this class, so that they didn’t support the feudal system. They demanded that the land ownership instead of lords and equal rights with others. Therefore, they joined other dissident groups and launched a revolution. This article studies peasant forces in the social and political revolutions of the world, the reasons of peasant participation and increasing their ability in the revolutions.

One of the recent challenges in metropolises which is a today's subject of arguments is limited accessible spaces. Nowadays, we are faced with decreased quality of municipal environments in the central places of Mashhad city as Iran's spiritual capital. Due to its special dignity, a huge number of pilgrims meet Imam Reza's holy shrine which has resulted to a specific high-level of human and social potentials. Therefore, it can provide a highly proper municipal space for people to live, visit and earn money. However, due to some basic problems including interferences among sidewalks and streets as well as pilgrim's mode of movements in paths which end to the holy shrine, compared to national and international indices, Shirazi Street lacks a positive identity perspective. Furthermore, a huge attack of people has made the street an extremely crowed one. In this study we tried to analyze Shirazi Street based on its virtual- behavioral characteristics using some nodes and some indices. Finally, we will propose some suggestions in order to enhancing environmental quality circumstances as well as organizing future states of the route. Utilizing library and filed gathering methods (i.e. direct interviews with the experts & dispersing 183 questionnaires among pilgrims), we utilized an analytical- descriptive model to analyze the obtained information. Results showed a direct and significant correlation among pilgrims' lack of satisfaction feelings and narrow sidewalks, shortages in adhering to architectural legislations, virtual turbulences, blocked ways, improper pavement qualities and shortage of enough parking and public green spaces. Therefore, the followings are suggested in orderto enhancing street's prestige in playing its roles properly: 1- synthetic mode of land use 2- organizing different types of current land uses with adhering to holy shrine's identical role 3- adhering to Iranian- Islamic type of architecture 4- enhancing open-wide municipal spaces 5- extension of green spaces using some green nodes in different intersections and finally 6- widening the street and its sidewalks through recessed buildings.

Study and recognize of Molana's method of making fiction is back ground to enter the poet's world. So in this essay with considering this point, first of all the principal characters of Molana's expressing style is presented and then viewpoints of some researchers. They believe that Mathnavi's content is complicated and disturbed. But meanwhile having deep in sight to his verses and expressing techniques make it clear that coherence in his work (Mathnavi) is far behind than what have been said. But the method of coherence is different. For explaining this claim we refer to role of association of ideas and allegory as two important factor of Joining verses. To make it clear some examples were selected to show the external distribution and severance. But we explain that even in this exampels there are coherence in the base of association of ideas and allegory.