Introduction: Cigarette smoking has been recognized to be a risk factor for progression of periodontal disease. Due to less inflammation and bleeding in the presence of clinical signs of periodontal disease in smokers than in nonsmokers and given the conflicting results of studies on changes in the epithelium and gingival connective tissue by smoking, this study was performed to evaluate the thickness and keratosis on the epithelium of free and sulcular gingival tissue in smokers and nonsmokers patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis.Methods: In this cross sectional study, biopsies were obtained from palatal gingival of 60 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers). These biopsies were histologically processed, serially sectioned at 5 microns, stained with H. E. and examined by image analysis software (analysis-SL-starter), which was used to perform the morphometric evaluation of the outer and inner epithelial thickness, keratosis and vascularity in connective tissue. The data were analyzed with SPSS 17, t-test, Mann-Whitney Test, and Pearson correlation. p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Histopathological examination showed significant association between smoking and CAL (p=0.048), keratosis on outer epithelium (p=0.020) and mean of thickness of outer (p=0.023) and inner (p<0.001) marginal gingival epithelium but gingival vascular density in nonsmokers was more than smokers (p=0.002). Collagenized connective tissue was observed in smokers more than nonsmokers. (p>0.001).Conclusions: It seems that the reduction of the clinical signs of inflammation in the gingival tissue of smokers is due to changes in gingival epithelium and connective tissue from smoking.

Harlequin ichthyosis is the most severe form of congenital ichthyoses with horny (Keratinized) and chapped thick skin throughout the body. In this disease, disruption in KERATINIZATION of epidermis results in the impaired barrier function and susceptibility of the neonate to dehydration and infection. In this article, a term male neonate with harlequin ichthyosis, born of a 29-year-old mother, was reported. On initial examination by a pediatrician, thick skin was observed with deep transverse clefts and hyper KERATINIZATION, and the infant was the infant was discharged because of absence of respiratory disorder and regularity of heart rate.

Porokeratosis of Mibelli is a KERATINIZATION disorder due to cellular clones that show different degrees of dysplasia. Sometimes, these lesions develop on the previously traumatized or burnt skin. Herein, a 24-year-old female patient is presented with three facial skin lesions on her right cheek on a previous old scar due to cutaneous leishmaniasis is presented. The larger lesion was an erythematosquamous plaque with a well-defined hyperkeratotic margin and an atrophic center and two smaller erythematosquamous papules were located about 1.5 centimeter away from the main lesion. In the histopathologic evaluation of the skin biopsy of the patient, hyerkeratosis, irregular acanthosis and the characteristic column of parakeratotic cells (cornoid lamella) were evident. Considering clinical appearance of the lesion as well as the histopathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed as a case of porokeratosis of Mibelli that was developed on an old scar due to cutaneous leishmaniasis.      

Palmoplantar keratodermas are a heterogenous group of diseases, one of them is Papillon- Lefevre Syndrome (PLS). This rare disease is inherited as autosomal recessive and characterized by focal hyperkeratotic plaques on elbows and knees, severe periodontal disease resulting in premature loss of teeth. We report two brothers with PLS who did not have a history of this disease in their family.

Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma (BIE) is a rare disorder of KERATINIZATION (mutations in either keratin 1 or 10). It typically presents with fragile skin, which gives way to gradual evolution of hyperkeratosis. Flaccid blisters, peeling, and superficial erosions at sites of minor trauma or friction are apparent within the first few hours of life. Yellow-brown, waxy, ridged or corrugated scales build up in skin creases, sometimes forming spiny (Hystrix) outgrowths. Cobble stone-like keratoses occur at other sites such as the dorsal aspects of the hands and feet and over the trunk.We report an 11-year-old boy with a generalized hyperkeratosis on the neck, trunk, extremities, and scalp.

Peeling skin syndrome (PSS) is a very rare KERATINIZATION disorder, characterized by spontaneous exfoliation of the stratum corneum. Herein, we report a case of non-inflammatory (type A) PSS.

The claw quality is a product of claw shape, characteristics of the horn and anatomy of the inner structure. Hoof health is largely determined by the production of good quality horn of adequate resistance. The functional integrity of hoof horn essentially depends on a proper differentiation, i. e., KERATINIZATION of hoof epidermal cells. KERATINIZATION of hoof epidermis is controlled and modulated by a variety of bioactive molecules and hormones. This process is dependent on an appropriate supply of nutrients including vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Regulation and control of differentiation and nutrient flow to the epidermal cells play a central role in determining the quality and, consequently, the functional integrity of hoof horn. Decreasing nutrient supply to keratinizing epidermal cells leads to horn production of inferior quality and increased susceptibility to chemical, physical, or microbial damage from the environment. A growing body of evidence suggests that hormones, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements play critical roles in the normal development of claw horn and correct keratin formation. Increasing the bioavailability of trace minerals improves their utilization and thus contributes to an improved integrity of keratinized tissues.

Background: Hyper KERATINIZATION in gingival epithelium is a very common finding in smokers. Deep pocket with no bleeding is usually sean in such patients.Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate KERATINIZATION in sulcular epithelium. Thiscase- control study was performed to assess the influence of smoking on sulcular epithelium keratosis.Material & Methods: Specimens were obtained from 10 smokers through gingiual biopsy in addition to 10 nonsmokers during a periodontal surgical procedure.Results: Histological examination showed no significant association between smoking and sulcular epithelial keratosis and even the thickness of free gingiva and sulcular epithellium. Howerer smoking did increase the chanceal keratosisim oral epithelium at free gingiva.Conclusion: There was a clear indication of keratosed epithelium in smokers.

Background and aims: Formaldehyde (FA) is a colorless toxic gas used as a disinfectant and preservative and known as a carcinogen and strong irritant. Due to its germicidal, preservative and fixative properties, formaldehyde or other chemicals that potentially produce formaldehyde, are used in some cosmetics. OSHA has warned about hairdresser’s exposure to FA higher than threshold limit values. Because of the importance of this air pollutant and the lack of enough studies in Iran, the present study aimed at occupational monitoring of FA exposure in hair salons in Hamedan and Kermanshah cities.Methods: Short term (n=20) and long term (n=45) air samples were collected on sorbent tubes in the breathing zone of selected hair dressers and then analyzed based on methods NIOSH 2016 and 2541, respectively.Results: The concentrations of FA in short-term and long-term samples were in ranges of 0-0.6935 and 0-0.6034 ppm, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between mean concentrations of FA in long- term and short-term samples and also between studied work tasks (based on used cosmetics).Conclusion: According to obtained results, the concentration of FA in some samples was higher than Iran’s OEL (0.3 ppm). Therefore, it is necessary to do more occupational exposure monitoring and apply control measures such as installing proper ventilation systems, correcting the existing systems, supervising the quality of cosmetics, and training programs for target group.