Levedopa was sensitively determined based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) mechanism through enhancing the weak ECL of electro-oxidized luminal in presence of LEVODOPA, on a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-modified electrode. Under optimal conditions, the relative ECL emission/LEVODOPA concentration plot was found to be linear from 1. 0×10-9 to 1. 7×10-7 M and a detection limit of 6. 7×10-10 M was recorded. The modified electrode was found applicable to the analysis of LEVODOPA in urine samples.

Background and objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease in world wide. Dopaminergic neural death in substantianigra is subsequently found to be the main pathologic process leading cause to motor disability. For the treatment of this disease many drugs applied, but LEVODOPA was the first and is still a highly effective drug for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.Administration of LEVODOPA is associated with a decrease in mortality compared to the pre LEVODOPA treatment.However, chronic use of LEVODOPA is associated with certain limitation including of motor complication in the majority of patients. The most common motor complications are drug-induced dyskinesia and these problems can seriously compromise function and limit the patient's ability to benefit fully from the drug.Conclusion: There are 3 important factors found which could predict future development of LEVODOPA advers effects. There were: daily LEVODOPA dosage, age of onset and duration of disease. So that, for decreases of the risk of LEVODOPA-induced dyskinesia we can: decrease the LEVODOPA dosage, to put of the LEVODOPA usage and use other effective therapy such as Dopamine agonist.Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive and cohort study that comprised 60 patients referred to neurological clinic with Parkinsonism. Our study aimes included to determine the frequency of dyskinesia and dosage of LEVODOPA and time of beginning of dyskinesia and the location of dyskinesia in the body. Statistical analysis were used SPSS and statistical significance defined as a p- value<0.05.Results: A total 60 Parkinson’s disease patients were participated in the present study, 49 patients were male and 21 patients female with average age 66.45 years old. The key features of Parkinson's disease which were bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor were present in almost patients.There were 11 cases of dyskinesia with frequency of 36%, 6 men and 5 women, the dosage of LEVODOPA in patients with dyskinesia was 620 mg / day and 550 mg/day in patients without dyskinesia. The average time of incidence of dyskinesia after used the LEVODOPA in patients was 5 years later. The average age of onset in patients with dyskinesia was 59 Years (less than patient without dyskinesia). And the common location of dyskinesia was or omandibular (9 cases of 11 cases).

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades many organs including central nervous system through olfactory nerves and hematogenic pathways causing many disorders ranging from mild to severe. In what follows, we discuss a post-covid Parkinsonism case in a previously healthy 59-year-old man one week after mild covid infection. Case presentation: A 59-year-old man presented with symmetric resting tremor, symmetric rigidity, festinating gait and balance difficulty with a history of COVID-19 one week before admission. Examination was notable for Parkinsonism. Lab tests and MRI were normal. Eight months after starting with LEVODOPA-benserazid, pramipexole, trihexiphenidyl, vitC, vitE and COQ10, the patient had a complete resolution of all symptoms. Conclusion: Several cases report post-covid Parkinsonism in previously healthy patients with no family history of parkinson’, s disease. The age of patients with post-covid Parkinsonism ranged from 35-74 with mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of covid. The most common complaint of patients was tremor and most of them had a significant response to LEVODOPA. Our patient and those mentioned in the case reports did not have any family history of Parkinson’, s disease and used to be healthy. These data obtained from case reports indicate that there might be a possible link between covid infection and acute Parkinsonism.

Background: Parkinson’ s disease is a common and progressive neuropathology disorder caused by the neuronal degradation of the dopaminergic system of the substantia nigra. We investigated the increase of LEVODOPA in the brain to protect neurons. Methods: Twenty eight maleWistar rats (weighing200-250 grams) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 each). The control group received only saline. The second group used MPTP toxin to create Parkinson’ s disease. The third group received LEVODOPA 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and the fourth group received LEVODOPA 10 mg/kg plus benserazide 2. 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally for two weeks. All rats were decapitated after four weeks and their brains were prepared for the TUNNEL and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SNpc) region was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than in the other groups, and the number of TUNNEL positive cells in this group was lower than in the other treatment groups. Conclusions: The results show there is a positive correlation between behavioral improvements and TH positive cells. Therefore, it is possible that the increase of LEVODOPA in the brain leads to behavioral improvement. Increasing amount of LEVODOPA in the brain reduces the number of apoptotic cells. Therefore, there is a direct correlation between the level of brain LEVODOPA and cell death. Thus, we suggest that the increase in dopamine in the brain following the use of benserazide can support the dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc.