Purpose: To evaluate the effect of LEVODOPA-Carbidopa on visual acuity in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.Design: Randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial.Patients and Methods: Thirty-seven eyes of 35 patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy were randomized to receive LEVODOPA-Carbidopa 125/12.5 mg daily (18 eyes) or placebo (19 eyes) for 3 weeks. Change in visual acuity in Log MAR was the main outcome measure. The minimum followup was 6 months.Results: Despite apparently greater improvement in the treatment group (-0.35 Log MAR vs -0.22 Log MAR), this difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.37). Even after stratifying changes in visual acuity and exclusion of patients with initial visual acuity better than 20/40 ( 0.3 Log MAR), the difference still did not reach statistical significance (P= 0.63). Of interest, visual acuity improvement was positively correlated with optic nerve head hemorrhage (P= 0.01).Conclusion: LEVODOPA-Carbidopa 125/12.5 mg daily failed to show statistically significant greater improvement in visual acuity compared to placebo for patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Levedopa was sensitively determined based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) mechanism through enhancing the weak ECL of electro-oxidized luminal in presence of LEVODOPA, on a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-modified electrode. Under optimal conditions, the relative ECL emission/LEVODOPA concentration plot was found to be linear from 1. 0×10-9 to 1. 7×10-7 M and a detection limit of 6. 7×10-10 M was recorded. The modified electrode was found applicable to the analysis of LEVODOPA in urine samples.

Background and objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease in world wide. Dopaminergic neural death in substantianigra is subsequently found to be the main pathologic process leading cause to motor disability. For the treatment of this disease many drugs applied, but LEVODOPA was the first and is still a highly effective drug for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.Administration of LEVODOPA is associated with a decrease in mortality compared to the pre LEVODOPA treatment.However, chronic use of LEVODOPA is associated with certain limitation including of motor complication in the majority of patients. The most common motor complications are drug-induced dyskinesia and these problems can seriously compromise function and limit the patient's ability to benefit fully from the drug.Conclusion: There are 3 important factors found which could predict future development of LEVODOPA advers effects. There were: daily LEVODOPA dosage, age of onset and duration of disease. So that, for decreases of the risk of LEVODOPA-induced dyskinesia we can: decrease the LEVODOPA dosage, to put of the LEVODOPA usage and use other effective therapy such as Dopamine agonist.Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive and cohort study that comprised 60 patients referred to neurological clinic with Parkinsonism. Our study aimes included to determine the frequency of dyskinesia and dosage of LEVODOPA and time of beginning of dyskinesia and the location of dyskinesia in the body. Statistical analysis were used SPSS and statistical significance defined as a p- value<0.05.Results: A total 60 Parkinson’s disease patients were participated in the present study, 49 patients were male and 21 patients female with average age 66.45 years old. The key features of Parkinson's disease which were bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor were present in almost patients.There were 11 cases of dyskinesia with frequency of 36%, 6 men and 5 women, the dosage of LEVODOPA in patients with dyskinesia was 620 mg / day and 550 mg/day in patients without dyskinesia. The average time of incidence of dyskinesia after used the LEVODOPA in patients was 5 years later. The average age of onset in patients with dyskinesia was 59 Years (less than patient without dyskinesia). And the common location of dyskinesia was or omandibular (9 cases of 11 cases).

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades many organs including central nervous system through olfactory nerves and hematogenic pathways causing many disorders ranging from mild to severe. In what follows, we discuss a post-covid Parkinsonism case in a previously healthy 59-year-old man one week after mild covid infection. Case presentation: A 59-year-old man presented with symmetric resting tremor, symmetric rigidity, festinating gait and balance difficulty with a history of COVID-19 one week before admission. Examination was notable for Parkinsonism. Lab tests and MRI were normal. Eight months after starting with LEVODOPA-benserazid, pramipexole, trihexiphenidyl, vitC, vitE and COQ10, the patient had a complete resolution of all symptoms. Conclusion: Several cases report post-covid Parkinsonism in previously healthy patients with no family history of parkinson’, s disease. The age of patients with post-covid Parkinsonism ranged from 35-74 with mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of covid. The most common complaint of patients was tremor and most of them had a significant response to LEVODOPA. Our patient and those mentioned in the case reports did not have any family history of Parkinson’, s disease and used to be healthy. These data obtained from case reports indicate that there might be a possible link between covid infection and acute Parkinsonism.

Background: Parkinson’ s disease is a common and progressive neuropathology disorder caused by the neuronal degradation of the dopaminergic system of the substantia nigra. We investigated the increase of LEVODOPA in the brain to protect neurons. Methods: Twenty eight maleWistar rats (weighing200-250 grams) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 each). The control group received only saline. The second group used MPTP toxin to create Parkinson’ s disease. The third group received LEVODOPA 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and the fourth group received LEVODOPA 10 mg/kg plus benserazide 2. 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally for two weeks. All rats were decapitated after four weeks and their brains were prepared for the TUNNEL and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SNpc) region was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than in the other groups, and the number of TUNNEL positive cells in this group was lower than in the other treatment groups. Conclusions: The results show there is a positive correlation between behavioral improvements and TH positive cells. Therefore, it is possible that the increase of LEVODOPA in the brain leads to behavioral improvement. Increasing amount of LEVODOPA in the brain reduces the number of apoptotic cells. Therefore, there is a direct correlation between the level of brain LEVODOPA and cell death. Thus, we suggest that the increase in dopamine in the brain following the use of benserazide can support the dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc.

To evaluate the effect of LEVODOPA-B on visual acuity of amblyopic children and the stability of these effects after drug discontinuation. Side effects of this drug in children were also evaluated. This study was a prospective, double blind, clinical trial. 34 children (6-14 years of age), were randomly assigned to receive LEVODOPA-B 6mg/kg as an initial dose and then 2mg/kg three times per day for one week or placebo as control group in the same sequence. Other treatments for amblyopia were not done during this study. Corrected visual acuity (V.A.) for each eye, was measured at baseline, one hour after initial dose, after one week of treatment, and three weeks after termination of treatment. Children and their parents were questioned about the side effects of LEVODOPA-B. Results showed that in the treatment group, mean V.A. of amblyopic eyes improved from baseline 0.4 to 0.59 one hour after the first dose (P<0.001). It reached 0.44 after one week of treatment and to 0.45 three weeks after termination of treatment (P<0.05). In the control group, changes in mean of V.A. of amblyopic eyes were not significant (P>O.3). In the treatment group seven cases of nausea and emesis, and six cases of hyperactivity were reported one hour after first dose. These side effects subsided and were not repeated. After one week of treatment, only one case of mild depression was reported. Therefore LEVODOPA-B 6mg/kg per day, produces a clinical and statistically significant short- term improvement of V.A. in children with amblyopia. This improvement is stable for at least three weeks after termination of treatment. Side effects were also mild and transient.