Data on the resistance of rocks to erosion and weathering and their voluntary ratings are key information in erosion and sediment studies. Despite the importance, rock resistance to weathering is not well studied in Iran and the conducted studies are more qualitative rather than quantitative. In this study rock mass resistances of Asmari formation (LIMESTONE) and Fars formations including Mishian (marl LIMESTONE), Aghajari (Calcareous sandstone) and Gachsaran (anhydrite) were assessed using rock mass rating (RMR) method in Behbahan, Gachsaran, Deylam and Dehdasht regions. ANOVA and Tukey, s analysis of resistances of 81 collected rock samples showed there were significant differences (P<0. 05) between geological formations in term of rock resistance. According to RMR rating, rock mass resistances were in order of Asmari LIMESTONE> Mishan LIMESTONE> Aghajari calcareous sandstone> Gachsaran anhydrite. Results also indicated there were no significant differences between rock resistances of Fars formations but rock resistance of Fars formations differed significantly from Asmari formation.

In this research LIMESTONE powder of stone processing factories as pore-forming material in brick was investigated. Brick samples were made with different proportions of brick making clay and LIMESTONE powder. Tests for determination of body density, drying and firing Shirinkages, water absorption, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were performed. After obtaining optimum percentage of additive, lightweight bricks and blocks using LIMESTONE were produced in pilot plant scale. In addition to mass decreasing due to CO2 removing, calcite prevents firing shirinkage and density increase. Compressive strength increased in relatively low percentages of calcite. Additive caused improvement of insulation properties.  

Travertine platforms of Takhteh Soleyman, which is located on the northwest of Iran have been created by deposition of LIMESTONE springs. The water of lake springs which flow out from two vents. have many solutions that are same deposit wall on the channels of spring flow out. Narrow calcites massive have been made special morphology on the surface of LIMESTONE. The aim of this study is identification of effective factors on creating these phenomena, classification and the role of them on travertine morphology of archaeological territory of Takhteh Soleyman region. In this study have been applied digging and cutting of below of channels, measurement of calcite sedimentation rate, chemical analysis of flow water and presentation of morphology using GIS technique. The results of this study show that creations of these channels are related to velocity of flow water, increasing of temperature and decreasing of partial pressure of CO2. Increasing of altitude, falling and displacement of self built channels of velocity ratio of water flow and distance from lake. Self built petrified channels are classified to four cate gories on the platform and around. a) Self built channel inside of platform, b) Self built channel outside of platform, c) Tufa channel rock of Dragon, d) collapsed petrified channels.

In this study, the potential of calcined montmorillonite as a primary precursor for one-part alkali-activated cement incorporated with high percentage of LIMESTONE, is evaluated. Comparative studies on the properties of the sodium silicate activated metakaolin-LIMESTONE and metamontmorillonite-LIMESTONE fresh and hardened cement pastes depending on several formulation and processing parameters (precursor nature, dosages of LIMESTONE and alkali reactant, curing conditions) showed that metamontmorillonite exhibits reactivity comparable to that of metakaolin in the studied cement systems. The mechanical performance of optimal alkali-activated cement formulations consisted of 20-30% of metamontmorillonite and 70-80% of LIMESTONE is provided by both reactivity of metamontmorillomite under sodium silicate activation and the filler, nucleation, and chemical effects of the raw LIMESTONE. The reaction products and microstructures of alkali-activated metamontmorillonite-LIMESTONE cement-based hardened pastes were investigated using thermal, XRD, and SEM/EDS analyses.

The structure must be able to maintain its stability and resistance in the event of a fire to protect human life. From time immemorial, concrete has been known to have fire-retardant properties. That's why the biggest concern with concrete structures at the time of the fire was the reinforcement and their non-flow. But with the development of concrete technology, the focus has also shifted to improving the mechanical properties of concrete to increase its fire resistance. The use of pozzolans and additives in concrete to achieve high-strength and durable concrete has been in the concrete industry for several years. In this study, the role of seashell and lumashell powder and their effects on the mechanical properties of concrete and achieving the optimal percentage of using shellfish powder to achieve high fire resistance and durability have been studied. For this purpose, laboratory tests involving slump evaluation, water absorption percent, and compressive strength under high temperature were conducted on samples in which the replacement ratios of Portland cement with the same weight of shell powder were 2. 5, 5, 10, 15 and 20% weight percent. Experimental results showed that seashell and lumashell powder powderpowderpowderpowder increase the hydration rate and consequently caused an increase in the heat of hydration which resulted in a faster loss of water in the concrete. Furthermore, Seashell and Lumashell powder absorbed more water than cement due to their finer particles. All these ultimately resulted in a reduction in concrete slump such that regardless to the shell powder type, adding 2. 5, 5 and 15% of shell powder, in average led to 13. 5, 27. 5 and 52% reduction in concrete slump respectively and it became approximately constant when the used shell powder was in excess of 15%. In addition, results showed that the presence of seashell and lumashell powder decrease water absorption in samples and made them more impenetrable. It happened because by filling the void in the cement paste with fine powder particles, the permeable cavities have been reduced and the connection paths of the cavities have been somewhat blocked. Replacement of cement with 2. 5%, 5% and 10% of Seashell and Lumashell powder led to (27%, 44%, 73%) and (7%, 59%, 73%) reduction in concrete water absorption values respectively and it became approximately constant when the used shell powder was in excess of 10%. The results of this study also showed that the replacement of cement with Seashell and Lumashell powder slightly increases the thermal resistance of concrete and the amount of replacement of 5% by weight of cement with shell powder is reported as the optimal percentage. Adding more than 5% shell powder as a substitute for cement, regardless of its type, is harmful and significantly reduces the thermal resistance of concrete. Also, the results of laboratory tests showed that when concrete is exposed to high temperatures, properties such as load-bearing capacity and durability are reduced, leading to cracking, loss of compressive strength and concrete divot. Finally, it can be concluded that the optimal percentage of using seashell and lumashell powder instead of Portland cement can lead to a suitable concrete in terms of respect for the environment.