Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

Introduction One of the most important changes occurs in the body of a pregnant woman is postpartum milk secretion. If the baby is not fed from this milk or the milk is not drained from the mother’ s breast in any other manner, some maternal problems will be arised. There are numerous drug and non-drug interventions to suppress Lactation after childbirth and relief of its symptoms in women. This review report aimed to investigate the literature involved in this field to offer a single protocol in such cases. In the search strategy, we used the keywords of suppression of Lactation, Treatments for suppression of Lactation, Drugs in breastfeeding, Lactation after Perinatal, Neonatal, or Infant Loss by referring to the valid scientific databases, including Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Elsevier, Cochrane, and about 26 relevant papers were received and analyzed. Conclusion Currently, the recommended methods for the cessation of Lactation in women with necessary indications are not conclusive for all involved women. Identification and applying different methods to suppress Lactation in mothers who have been banned to use milk for various reasons, can significantly help them to better manage suppression of Lactation. Based on the relevant systematic review study, it seems that in case of low maternal milk secretion, it is better to use non-pharmacological methods to suppress Lactation because of their fewer side effects; but the most effective treatments are the use of Bromocriptine and Cabergoline. But still the most common treatment for the suppression of Lactation is administration of Estrasiol.

Determination of milk yield potential using an accurate method is essential for assessing nutritional requirements, evaluation of genetic potential, lamb growth and survival, management decisions and improving performance traits of sheep flocks. Exogenous oxytocin injection is applied to estimate milk secretion rate in sheep. Oxytocin is a neurohormone produced in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, which is released into the blood in response to teat stimulation. It has a galactopoietic effect and plays an important role in Lactation acting on milk ejection via the secretory activity and contraction of myoepithelial cells. One hundred singleton-bearing and rearing Makui breed ewes were assigned into two treatments: group I (hand milking and stripping following the intramuscular injection of 2.5 IU of oxytocin) and group II (hand milking and stripping). The study aimed to examine the effect of exogenous oxytocin injection on milk yield, milk composition and Lactation length of ewes during the entire Lactation period. Data were recorded at fortnightly intervals from post-partum day 14 onward. Oxytocin treatment group produced significantly more average daily milk yield (562.3 vs. 301.4 g) and total milk yield (93.6 vs. 38.5 kg) compared with non-treated animals (P<0.05). Lactation length was 145.7 days and 115.2 days for the oxytocin and the control group, respectively (P=0.038). Oxytocin injection increased milk peak yield and Lactation persistency (P<0.05) while shorter peak time (34.1 vs. 39.2 days) was observed for oxytocin group (P=0.043). Oxytocin administration increased milk fat percentage (6.73 vs. 5.86) in treated compared to control ewes (P=0.029). However, no difference was detected in the percentage of protein and lactose associated to the oxytocin injection (P>0.05). The development of milk ejection inhibition throughout Lactation during the exclusively suckling period, followed by hand-stripping, entails the need for oxytocin to sustain mammary cells and Lactation persistency in ewes. It further confirms that oxytocin allows overcoming the negative feedback mechanisms exerted on milk ejection, enhancing the intracellular transfer of secretory vesicles and contraction of myoepithelial cells and thereby increasing milk production and Lactation length, which is a useful technique to ensure complete alveolar milk let-down and optimum milk withdrawal from the cistern.

Background: Fasting and malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with deleterious consequences such as hypoglycemia, ketonemia, impaired fetal IQ, low birth weight and even abortion. Comparison of pregnancy length and year duration shows that about 75% of pregnancies coincided with Ramadan. Also, fasting during Ramadan is not equivalent to hunger and malnutrition, however, knowledge of the effects of Ramadan fasting on pregnancy outcome is important. In this review, the results of all studies related to the possible effects of Ramadan fasting in pregnancy and Lactation have been collected.Material and Methods: Keywords such as "Ramadan", "Ramadan Fasting", "Islamic Fasting", "Fasting in Ramadan "and Fasting with words Pregnancy, Birth Weight, Lactation, Preterm, Milk Composition, Breast Milk were searched in PubMed Database, SID (Scientific Information Database), and some regional journals and 40 related articles (descriptive cross - sectional, cohort, clinical trial and review articles) from 1968 to 2010 were studied.Results: Based on available information, if the maternal nutrition during Ramadan is good, the normal process of pregnancy will be maintained and Ramadan fasting would not have deleterious effects on fetal physical and mental growth.Conclusion: Considering nutritional tips, nursing mothers could also fast during Ramadan.