The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign Languages, culture and Language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present Language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching Language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and Language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign Language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target Language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign Languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign Language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign Language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second Language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign Language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign Language are put forward.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of Language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the Language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of Language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of Local Language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of Languages.

Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive Language on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive Language or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive Language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the Language of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic Language, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific Language of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic Language” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman Language of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.

The fact that many indigenous Languages in Indonesia have been dying out as a result of the ineffective way of Language planning. This study aims to construct critical thinking indicators and to describe the strategies used for enhancing critical thinking in Language planning (LP) concerning Local Language maintenance, particularly Banjarese Language. The qualitative method was employed in which all data were elaborated in a descriptive manner by employing an interview and documentation to collect the data. The former was performed by interviewing the two older native Banjarese persons: The one is a researcher focusing on native Languages as well as on Banjarese maintenance; and the other is the main official person in charge of history and tradition maintenance of the Education and Culture Service of South Kalimantan. The latter was done by taking articles concerning Banjarese maintenance and its teaching, and policy documents issued by the government. The data were analyzed through content analysis. The result shows that there is no curriculum design to maintain Banjarese at schools. The Local government’ s support in maintaining Banjarese does neither run well nor seems to be serious. The existence of Local government regulation No. 7/2009 about the Local Language maintenance does not continue to practical procedures on how Local Language should be designed and taught at schools. Therefore, the issues of Banjarese should be the main indicator to map needs analysis in Local Language maintenance and strategies for Language planning dealing with the classroom as the way of teaching Banjarese.

Locality and climate are of frequently used terms in environmental studies which, coupled with literary notions and ecology, have presented researchers with new, interdisciplinary research goals. Local and climate studies include any experience which reflects the interaction of a poet and his/ her immediate environment in his/ her imagination, Language, thoughts or feelings. Local and climate poetry is a subjective poetry with a certain structure which simultaneously displays tradition and modernity. In this study, we aim to find an answer to this question: what roles have Local-climatic elements played in the richness of mental and linguistic images of Mazandaran poetry? The present research is the result of examining 225 poetry collections of 50 Mazandarani poets (1350-1400). In it, we have attempted to classify Local-climatic elements based on two major geographical and socio-cultural and nine minor features. From this perspective, the role of environmental elements and geographical messages they are trying to convey have been examined in all the existing stylistic tendencies, frameworks and genres in the poetry of Mazandaran. Findings of this study, regarding statistical data analysis, indicate that frequency of Local-climatic elements is significant in socio-cultural feature of Mazandaran poetry in a way that customs and rituals, beliefs, colloquial terms, tradition and modernity, music and environmental approaches have been depicted in surface and deep structures of poems. Research methodology used in this study is a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) which makes use of reference documents and reliable Internet sites.