Background and Aims: Disc displacement is the most common temporomandibular joint disorder and MAGNETIC resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in its diagnosis. This disorder can lead to changes in signal intensity of MAGNETIC resonance (MR). The purpose of this study was evaluation of correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images of retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle with type of anterior disk displacement and condylar head flattening in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD).Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 31 MR images of patients who had anterior disc displacement were evaluated. After relative signal intensity measurement for retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle, the correlation between relative signal intensity and type of anterior disc displacement was evaluated with repeated measure ANOVA test. In each of these 3 areas, t-test was used to compare the groups with and without condylar head flattening.Results: The correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and type of anterior disc displacement in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle was not significant. There was also no statistically significant correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and flattening of condylar head in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle (P>0.05).Conclusion: According to findings of this study, relative signal intensity of MR images in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of ptrygoid muscle is not a good predictor for type of anterior disc displacement and flattening of condylar head. It seems that this cannot be used as a diagnostic marker for TMD progression.

Edge detection of subsurface STRUCTURES is an important objective in interpretation of MAGNETIC data. In this paper, curvature gradient tensor (CGT) of MAGNETIC data has been used along with tilt angle method to detect edges of subsurface STRUCTURES. Application of these methods on synthetic and real gravity data has shown that the CGT of MAGNETIC data, compared to the tilt angle method, can determine the edges of subsurface STRUCTURES better. Introduction The main objective of the interpretation of MAGNETIC data is to extract information about subsurface STRUCTURES. Edge detection is an important means to image the edges of subsurface STRUCTURES. Therefore, edge detection has traditionally been an important objective in the interpretation of MAGNETIC data. There are various methods for edge detection. Tilt angle method is a traditional method that can detect edges of subsurface STRUCTURES quantitatively. The value of Tilt angle is zero above the edges of subsurface bodies. The curvature gravity gradient tensor (CGGT) has also been used to interpret subsurface geological STRUCTURES quantitatively. The eigenvalues of CGGT are zero above edges of subsurface bodies. In this paper, the CGT of MAGNETIC data has been used for edge detection of subsurface MAGNETIC bodies. The results of using the CGT of MAGNETIC data have been compared with the results obtained from applying Tilt angle method on the data. Methodology and Approaches In order to obtain the CGT of MAGNETIC data, at first, the MAGNETIC data are reduced to pole (RTP). Then, horizontal vector gradients of the gradient tensors are computed from the RTP data using a Fourier transform technique. Then, the eigenvalues of the CGT of MAGNETIC data are obtained. The small eigenvalue can only be used to detect the edges of bodies with positive susceptibility contrast, and the large eigenvalue can only be used to determine the edges of bodies with negative susceptibility contrast. As an example, chromite ore has positive density contrast with the host rock and produce positive gravity anomaly. Finally, the tilt angle method is also applied to compare its results with those of the CGT of MAGNETIC data. Results and Conclusions The robustness of the method used for the enhancement of edge detection is tested with a MAGNETIC anomaly map caused by two prisms of synthetic bodies with positive and negative susceptibility contrast. The results have shown that the zero contour of the small eigenvalue of the CGT of MAGNETIC data compared to the zero contour of the tilt angle method can better detect the edges of synthetic bodies with positive susceptibility contrast. Moreover, the zero contour of the large eigenvalue of the CGT of MAGNETIC data compared to the zero contour of the tilt angle method can better detect the edges of synthetic bodies with negative susceptibility contrast. The Tilt angle method is also more sensitive to noise than the CGT of MAGNETIC data. The CGT method has been applied to real MAGNETIC data from Qahan porphyry copper deposit in Markazi Province, Iran. The results have indicated that the large eigenvalue of the CGT can determine the edges of porphyry deposit and the small eigenvalue can outline positive MAGNETIC anomalies caused by propylitic alteration. However, the tilt angle method has not been capable of finding the edges of the porphyry deposit.

We present and compare the MAGNETIC STRUCTURES of limit compounds, between the ferromagnetism and ant ferromagnetism in the pseudobinary compounds of type RNi/Pt/Cu, where R = Tb, Gd, Nd or Ce, appearing when we substitute the transition metal. All of them are examples of complex MAGNETIC STRUCTURES as the result of different MAGNETIC interactions, inhomogeneities and disorder. This overview provides us a fruitful field of discussion considering the competition of MAGNETIC interactions in a context of disorder. We discuss the similarities and differences between the STRUCTURES and we conclude about the importance of the disorder in the existence of several phenomena in magnetism, which could lead to new insights in the stability of MAGNETIC phases, as clusters glass or short range interactions in the mesoscopic scale.  

We use spectro-polarimetric data recorded by Hinode to analyze the MAGNETIC field configuration of a part of a sunspot (AR10923) where a bundle of penumbral filaments are intruding into its umbra. We want to explore the role of the sunspot MAGNETIC configuration in the formation and kinematics of the fine-STRUCTURES, such as umbral dots and light bridges, inside the sunspot umbra. Both direct inferences from polarization Stokes profiles and the inversion results using the SIR code imply a well-arranged MAGNETIC field configuration in the umbra where moving umbral dots are easily formed at the leading edges of the rapidly intruding penumbral filaments. We suggest that the MAGNETIC field topology is rearranged via MAGNETIC reconnection process by which a part of the MAGNETIC energy is converted into thermal and kinetic energy, leading to the orderly aligned MAGNETIC field lines. This new configuration causes the umbral fine-STRUCTURES to form easily and more frequent.

Geophysical methods are effective tools in archaeological investigations. Sensitive magnetometers have been used for many years to locate and characterize archaeological sites. Magnetometry is one of the most widely geophysical methods in this application as it contains no harmful environmental effects. Magnetization contrast in ancient sites is created by natural causes and human activities. Studies have shown that topsoil has generally a higher MAGNETIC susceptibility than most bedrocks and sub-soils. Vegetation fires and fermentation effects increase background MAGNETIC susceptibility, and oxidation-reduction cycles associated with alternate wetting and drying of the soil; all of these tend to convert the iron compounds to strongly MAGNETIC oxide maghaemite. In this paper, subsurface STRUCTURES have been investigated in the Tepe-Hissar ancient area of Damghan. In this regard, synthetic and real MAGNETIC data and fuzzy filters have been used to investigate these subsurface STRUCTURES. Moreover, normalized derivatives respect to vertical derivative (NAVD or NA) filter has been introduced that enhance edges in potential field methods....

Aims Living cells have an electrical charge created by the presence of ions and free radicals. MAGNETIC fields interact with ions, especially ferroMAGNETIC materials such as iron that affect living cells. A common feature of about 20 different diseases is the aggregation of proteins in the form amyloid structure. In the current study, the effect of static MAGNETIC field (SMF) on the formation and the toxicity of amyloid STRUCTURES was investigated. Materials & Methods CHO cells were exposed to 6mT SMF in three consecutive days, and the effect of SMF on the formation of amyloid STRUCTURES in the intrinsic proteins of these cells related to the control was investigated using thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay. The formation of amyloid STRUCTURES in CHO cells expressing human ProIAPP cells was analyzed by observation of proIAPP protein aggregates linked to GFP protein. The effect of SMF on the toxicity of lysozyme oligomers on CHO and Hela cells was also compared with the controls. Findings Exposure of CHO cells to MAGNETIC fields does not have a significant effect on the formation of amyloid STRUCTURES in the intrinsic proteins of CHO cells and the amount of these STRUCTURES in CHO cells expressing proIAPP protein but can increase the toxicity of lysozyme oligomers on CHO and Hela cells. Conclusion The MAGNETIC field does not have a significant effect on the formation of amyloid STRUCTURES in the 6mT SMF strength, but it adds to the toxicity of these STRUCTURES.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity STRUCTURES are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of STRUCTURES with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity STRUCTURES through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.