War MEMOIR writing movement is regarded as one of the broadest cultural events after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. The book "Dä" is one of the best samples in this field. It containsSeyyedeh Zahra Hosseini’s - the narrator- MEMOIRs from the early days of people’s resistance against the occupation of Khorramshahr by Iraq’s invading army, compiled by the narrator herself.Techniques and elements of classic novels such as characterization, description, flashback, dialog, and narration used in this book distinguish it from other diaries to the extent that some critics regards it as a novel.The present study briefly discusses the common aspects and the differences of story and MEMOIR, and examines story elements in "Dä".After comparing these two genres with "Dä", it wasconcluded that although many narrative elements are employed in this book, the presence of some of the basic characteristics of MEMOIR writing has caused "Dä" to be placed among diaries.

According to the definitions of experts, the place of written MEMOIRs is among the primary and important news sources in historiography. The historical study of the formation process and its development in the history of Iran is proof of this claim. This research is an analytical approach and methodological approach about the relationship between MEMOIR and reality and a convincing answer to the question of the validity of MEMOIRs in the form of "autobiography" to what extent is valid for use in historiographical research. One of the results of this research is the verification of narrations of MEMOIR texts based on other documentary sources as well as validation based on the pattern of "frequency of narration" about an event. In addition, based on the immeasurable sides of these MEMOIRs, such as the difficulty of perspective and the unique position of the narrator in the narrative, in the second approach, these MEMOIRs can be considered as works for identifying their narrators as influential people in historical events.

Life writing is the most common historical-literary trend in Persian writings in the contemporary period. The history of these writings in Iran is more than one and a half century and they are still increasing in number and variety. Persian life writing as a general genre consists of the different writings. All of the writings contain a realistic account of the life of Iranians. Life writing includes “ single MEMOIR” , “ MEMOIR” , “ autobiography” and “ personal essays” . The study focused on the “ MEMOIR” . MEMOIR is a type of personal writing that describes human life in writing, about only the most prominent part of his/her life and experiences. MEMOIRs are often written by celebrities, politicians, militaries, and those whose jobs are very effective. In MEMOIRs, the order of time and continuity of events are observed, and their success usually has an emotional and personal theme. The similarities between MEMOIRs and autobiographies are such that even in the West, their distinctions are not properly recognized and observed. While skilled critics and writers note that in an autobiography, the author is the target, in the MEMOIR, the goal is not the author himself, but the event/events of his life. Compared to autobiography, the social role of MEMOIRs is more prominent. So the MEMOIRist intends primarily to depict a specific event, period, group, or class. Hence, most MEMOIR writers have a socio-historical character. This article was written after considering more than 800 lives. A large number of books were found that have common features in terms of structure and subject matter. This article is dedicated to recognizing, introducing and describing the outstanding features of this type with appropriate examples of it.

This article seeks to examine the aims of publication the prison MEMOIRs of individuals and political groups during the Pahlavi regime. One of the main functions of publication the communists memories in Reza Shah's prison was the propaganda for the benefit of the Tudeh Party. The MEMOIRs also were a manifesto against the regime and delegitimize it. The Pahlavi regime also published some jail MEMOIRs in support of its ideology and interests with attracting some prisoners. The memories of Pahlavi regime prisoners after the Islamic Revolution have also been published with the aim of delegitimizing the regime, legitimizing the revolutionary groups and delegitimizing the counter-revolutionary groups. In their representations of imprisonment, storytellers have standardized the behavior of their own groups as "normal" and rejected their "other" in various ways. The publications of MEMOIRs have a function in "Political Post-Revolutionary Events Now" and resulted in the elimination of some individuals and political groups.

The significant role played by women struggling during the Pahlavi era-in shaping and accelerating the movements let to the 1979 revolution-has given them a special historical status. Awareness of this prominent position has undoubtedly been effective in getting some of them to record their life experiences in the form of autobiographies. By accepting autobiography as a way to represent self-identity and self-narration-which is based on gender – the research seeks to examine-using interpretive hermeneutic approach within the conceptual framework of Paul Ricoeur's narrative identity-on one hand the place of language and time at the level of narrative and, on the other hand, how to reflect feminine identity in narrative formats redefined in the aforesaid theory, relying on the memories of Pahlavi-era women in political arena. By recognizing the instability of identity, the study has assumed it a linguistic and temporal matter constructed by the narrators that has represented in the form of narrative, and we have made use of the most relevant theory to understand how this identity constructs. In other words, based on the conceptual framework of Paul Ricoeur's narrative identity to interpret the text of political women's MEMOIRs, we seek to answer the following questions: 1. What place do language and time occupy at the narrative level? 2. How has feminine identity been redefined in narrative formats? The presence of 9 women in the Left discourse and 3 women in a subgroup of Islamic ideology and the reflection of gender identity and concerns in the context of organizational identity, appropriately illustrates the dominance of the campaign discourse and organizational ideology over the female gender identity of these autobiographers, that should be considered as the data and obvious hypotheses of the study. Of course, we are seeing that leftist militants are more explicit to represent their gender identity than Muslim militants. Narrative coherence, nonlinearity of the narrative, and the existence of a "synchronous" and "simultaneous" relationship between the time of life and the time of narration are other research results that should be noted. The continuity of story chains and the detailed description, including details of the characters involved in shaping the narrator's identity, are among other things related to the analysis of the aforementioned works. Also, the language used in the narrative is influenced by the time of the narration of the work, as in the narratives in the context of the event we see the use of slogan, emotional, and idealistic vocabulary, while in the narratives made with a temporal distance from the event, there is no place for these sentiments.

MEMOIR research is one of the reliable sources of research and investigation in historiography, and it is also a tool for transmitting experiences, customs, religious and national rituals of societies to future generations. On the other hand, it expresses individual, ethnic, and national emotions and feelings against incidents and events. Jalal Al-Ahmed is one of the writers whose vast volume of writing is in the field of MEMOIRs. The works of this author in many ways, including social, political and historical, are indicative of his ups and downs life. This article tries to survey the memory and types of MEMOIRs in the works of Jalal Al-Ahmed with a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research indicate that most of the stories of Jalal Al-Ahmad are related to the description of the author's life and personal memories. For this reason, his works can be classified as MEMOIRs. In most cases, these stories do not proceed with a specific story coherence,Because the author sometimes interrupts the course of the story and interferes in its process with his comments,It is as if Jalal's realism has made him sometimes cross the boundaries of fantasy and enter the real world. Among Jalal Al-Ahmad's works, his travelogues and letters have a prominent place. His views in his travelogues and letters, in addition to revealing part of the author's private and family life, also give us the opportunity to take a fresh look at the political, cultural and social events of the author's era.

Introduction MEMOIR is very close to story and sometimes it can be turned into a story by the least attention to the text of the MEMOIR. The most obvious common feature of these two forms, apart from the story elements, is the presence of narration. "Narrative-ness of a narrative text is created under the influence of factors such as: plot coherence, development of the main action, atmosphere creation, characterization, etc. MEMOIR-story is one of the emerging forms in the genre of resistance literature and due to the presence of many cause and effect developments, it is closer to the story than the MEMOIR and has many elements of the story other than imagination. In this research, it is intended to examine the aspects of narrative and structure in the two forms of story and MEMOIR-story, and explain their commonalities and differences.   Methodology The current research is carried on through a descriptive-analytical method and has used library resources. Based on the question of the border between story and MEMOIR-story, the author first collected the theoretical sources of the research and then verified his claims by analyzing the textual examples.     Discussion   The problem of the present research is based on the issue that although MEMOIR-story is based on memory, elements such as suspense, multiple episodes, characterization, and landscape have made it very close to the story. Also, the study of the narrative infrastructures of MEMOIR and story shows that these two forms, in addition to sharing elements, have another aspect in common, and that is the structure of the narrative action based on a formulated description of past events: "today-here", narrating "that day-there". Based on scientific evidence, the author proves that there are many narrative differences between the two forms of story and MEMOIR-story. In fact, the purpose of the current research is to explain the distinctions and define the border between the two forms of story and MEMOIR-story by relying on several works of fiction and MEMOIR-story in the literature of Holy Defense, and the author tries to explain categories such as narrative action, narrative levels, place and type, narrator, and narrative distance in these two types. From the results of the research, it appears that there is a difference between the two forms of story and MEMOIR-story in terms of narrative action, narrative distance, narrator's qualities and narrative levels.   Conclusion The first achievement of the current study is that the narrative action in the story consists of four simple-to-advanced narrative models and has three levels: the outside world, the world of the literary work, and the world of the story, with each of these levels including a range of characters, elements and categories. Here in the story, one faces intertwinements that organize the vast narrative network; in the MEMOIR-story, however, one faces the simplest action of a first-class narrative, because the author and the narrator are the same person, and he is reporting to what he has experienced in the past. Another achievement of the current study is that the narrator in the story is different from the MEMOIR-story in terms of type and position. The narrator in the story is not the author; he/she is created by the mind of the author of the story, and is different from the author in terms of sex and class; in the MEMOIR-story, the narrator is the same author who narrates the narrative of that day-there. There are many narrators in the story, but in the MEMOIR-story, the narrator is only a monologist. Another achievement of the current research is that the co-narrator and the MEMOIR-story have a narrative distance, i.e., there is a time gap between the time of the incident and the time of its narration; this distance; however, is variable in story from being close to far infinite. Since the reality and the identity of the narrator is the same as the author in the MEMOIR-story, he lives as long as the author lives.

Language is one of the key components that influence the audience in various literary and artistic genres and serves as a valuable resource for understanding the social, political, and cultural dynamics of different historical periods. In other words, the study of language reveals the nature and structure of human thoughts and ideas. Persian, like other languages, is not uniform across all geographical regions, historical periods, and social contexts. One of the significant factors contributing to this linguistic diversity is the presence of different subcultures within society, which give rise to various "language varieties." Throughout history, writers and poets have employed different language varieties to express their memories. This linguistic diversity has resulted in distinct stylistic features for each literary work. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the various language varieties in MEMOIR writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research highlight the linguistic differences in MEMOIRs. Since cultural and social differences among various strata of society lead to linguistic and stylistic diversity, the language used in the MEMOIRs of government officials differs significantly from that of cultural and social figures. For instance, the language of Sardar Maryam Bakhtiari's MEMOIRs (colloquial and dialectal) contrasts sharply with that of Moshir al-Dowleh (standard and scholarly) or literary MEMOIRs such as Waraq Pareh-ha-ye Zendan and Ruz-ha (literary and allegorical). IntroductionLanguage, influenced by geographical, cultural, and temporal factors, exhibits various forms shaped by the profound and pervasive cultural and social diversity of each society. The innovative expressions in MEMOIR writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution reflect the vitality and richness of the Persian language. MEMOIR writing is a valuable resource for understanding the literary, linguistic, and stylistic structures of different historical periods. This phenomenon flourished after the Constitutional Revolution during the mid-Naseri era, influenced by modern European ideas, and attracted the attention of three groups: political figures, court officials, and literary-cultural personalities. Each group wrote MEMOIRs for personal reasons, employing different language varieties to express their thoughts, beliefs, and personal lives, depending on their social status and target audience. Given the evident differences in the MEMOIRs written by cultural, political, and court figures, this study aims to examine the linguistic distinctions among these three groups. MethodologyThis research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings are based on library research, drawing from historical and literary books and related materials. The study examines the different language varieties in MEMOIR writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution. FindingsAmong the three groups of MEMOIRists—cultural-social figures, political figures, and court officials—the use of dialectal and colloquial language is more prevalent among political figures, though this depends on the level of education of the MEMOIRists. Those who received traditional education tended to use standard language, while colloquial and dialectal expressions were more common during the Constitutional Revolution compared to later periods. In the MEMOIRs of court and political figures, the language and writing style do not adhere to the conventions of scientific or literary texts. Unlike literary MEMOIRists, these writers are not bound by many writing principles. In contrast, MEMOIRs written by poets and writers typically employ a highly literary and allegorical language. The type of vocabulary used, the linguistic differences among individuals with various professions and positions, the use of titles and honorifics, and similar elements can be extracted from MEMOIRs with literary or political themes. The MEMOIRs of political and court figures from each period have their own distinct language and style, maintaining a consistent tone throughout the text. In contrast, literary MEMOIRists have the freedom to choose specific literary language and vocabulary based on the subject matter, using either formal or colloquial language and incorporating words popular during their time. This provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of the literary and cultural conditions of the period. ConclusionIn the study of language varieties, attention must be paid to different types, including scholarly, literary, colloquial, dialectal, vernacular, and professional. These linguistic varieties are the starting point for differences in the style and content of MEMOIRs. Despite the wide range of language varieties, the language of MEMOIRs generally falls into three categories: literary, standard, and colloquial. MEMOIRs are written for various reasons, such as self-justification, bias against others, revealing personal lives, discussing political and social issues, and depicting the conditions of the time. The difference in their audiences—general public versus specific groups—is one of the factors contributing to linguistic variation . Many MEMOIRs are written in a literary (descriptive and indirect) style, where the author or poet seeks to convey their message through elaborate language, using literary and allegorical techniques to express unspoken aspects of their personal lives. In contrast, many MEMOIRs written by political figures use standard and simple language, guiding the reader to understand the author's intentions without adhering to many writing principles. Additionally, many MEMOIRs are written in dialectal and colloquial language, with authors using coarse and impolite words to express personal motives.

In this resarch we have firstly tried to provide a quite comprehensive definition of biography and history of literature, their difference and give a proposal for compiling and collecting the history of literature. Writting the history of literature has been initiated since 1285 (1906) and under the influence of orientalist"s work but as it had undergone a peak of peifection upto 1332 (1953), the period has been considered and analyzed to get the desired result we have divided the interval into 5 decades in any of which the main works on the mentioned subject have been criticized and studied, and finaly a general conclusion has been appeared as the study end point. The proposal for compiling the history of literature had been based upon object, subject, research method and inclusion and required matters have been given in detail for anyone of them.

In the history of Persian literature, MEMOIR has received scant attention compared to fiction. But this genre was revitalized when the Iraqi-imposed-war against Iran broke out and the Iranian warriors started to record their memories. The significant number of MEMOIRs published in the aftermath of the war calls for a special heed to this genre and the need for the examination of MEMOIRs in the light of literary standards. MEMOIRs are of double nature: historical and fictional. Every single MEMOIR, depending on the techniques it employs, has either historical or fictional orientation.Analyzing the elements of the story may well prove the fictional orientation of the MEMOIRs. Investigating the elements of “plot”, “narrative”, “dialogue” and “character”, the common elements between fiction and MEMOIR, the present study evidences the affinity between the MEMOIR of Daughter of Sheena and fiction.