CONDUCTING POLYMERS ARE KNOWN TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES WHEN IN A NEUTRAL AQUEOUS SOLUTION, AND HENCE, THEY ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN THE FABRICATION OF ACCURATE, FAST, AND INEXPENSIVE DEVICES, SUCH AS BIOSENSORS AND CHEMICAL SENSORS IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES (1). TRANSITION METAL HEXACYANOFERRATES (MHCFS), REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT CLASS OF MIXED-VALENCE COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY FOR MANY YEARS. MHCFS ARE WIDELY EMPLOYED IN MANY FIELDS, SUCH AS SENSORS, ELECTROANALYSIS, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES (2). WIDE APPLICATION HAVE BEEN FOUND OF THESE COMPOUNDS DUE TO INTERESTING PROPERTIES SUCH AS ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES, ELECTROCHROMISM, MIXED-VALENCE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, AND HIGH CATALYTIC ACTIVITY (3). AMONG THE VARIOUS CONDUCTING POLYMERS, POLYANILINE (PANI) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED MOST ATTRACTIVE BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH CONDUCTIVITY, GOOD REDOX REVERSIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND FACILE METHOD OF PREPARATION (4). AMONG THE MHCFS, COBALT HEXACYANOFERRATE (COHCF) CATCHES SCIENTISTS’ EYES. IN THIS COMPOUND, BOTH THE COBALT AND IRON ELEMENTS HAVE TWO OXIDATION STATES OF (II) AND (III) LEADING TO A MULTITUDE OF COMPOUND STOICHIOMETRIES AND REDOX STATES. COHCF HAS WIDE APPLICATIONS IN MOLECULAR MAGNETS, OPTOMAGNETS, HUMIDITY SENSORS, ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES AS WELL AS ELECTROCATALYSIS (5).

CONGO RED IS USED AS AN ADSORPTION INDICATOR IN PRECIPITATION TITRATION. THIS DYE HAS BIOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND IS UTILIZED AS A STAINING. ...

BACKGROUND: AMONG OF DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL METHODS, ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD HAS IMPROVED TO BE SENSITIVE AND RELIABLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NUMEROUS ELECTROACTIVE COMPONENTS [1]. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE POOR ABILITY OF BARE ELECTRODES IN DIRECT ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS HAS LED TO INTEREST IN THE USE OF MEDIATORS AND MODIFIED ELECTRODES TO CATALYZE THE ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION AND/OR REDUCTION OF THEM. RECENTLY, RAOOF ET AL. [2] HAVE DEVELOPED THE SENSITIVE VOLTAMMETRIC SENSOR FOR ANALYSIS OF PHENOBARBITAL (PB) AND ACETAMINOPHEN (AC) USING MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES FILM-COATED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE (CPE). IN RES PECT OF LITERATURE SURVEY, NO HYDROGEN TITANATE NANOTUBES WERE UTILIZED FOR MODIFICATION OF CPE TOWARDS ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF PB AND AC. IN THIS STUDY, THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF PB IN THE PRESENCE OF AC WAS STUDIED AT THE SURFACE OF CPE MODIFIED WITH NICKEL DECORATED HYDROGEN TITANATE NANOTUBES.METHODS: CPE WAS MODIFIED BY HYDROGEN TITANATE NANOTUBES AND THEN NI2+ IONS INCORPORATED TO THIS ELECTRODE BY IMMERSION OF IT IN A 0.5 M NICKEL CHLORIDE SOLUTION. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE MODIFIED ELECTRODE TOWARDS THE OXIDATION OF PB IN THE PRESENCE OF AC WAS EVALUATED BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY (DPV) METHODS.RESULTS: DPV PEAK CURRENTS INCREASED LINEARLY WITH CONCENTRATIONS OF DRUG AT THE RANGES OF 1.0-1000 MM AND 0.8-600 MM OF AC AND PB, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, THE DETECTION LIMITS FOR AC AND PB WERE 0.34 MM AND 0.2 MM, RESPECTIVELY.CONCLUSION: THE CV AND DPV INVESTIGATIONS SHOWED EFFECTIVE ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE MODIFIED ELECTRODE IN LOWERING THE ANODIC OVERPOTENTIAL FOR THE OXIDATION OF PB AND COMPLETE RESOLUTION OF ITS ANODIC WAVE FROM AC. HIGH SENSITIVITY, SELECTIVITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE VOLTAMMETRIC RESPONSES, AND VERY LOW DETECTION LIMITS, TOGETHER WITH THE EASE OF PREPARATION AND SURFACE REGENERATION, MAKES THE FABRICATED ELECTRODE VERY USEFUL FOR ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF AC AND PB IN IN HUMAN URINE AND PHARMACEUTICAL SAMPLES USING STANDARD ADDITION METHOD.

BACKGROUND: CARBAMAZEPINE (CBZ) IS AN ANTICONVULSANT, ANTIEPILEPTIC AND MOOD STABILIZING DRUG USED PRIMARILY IN THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY AND BIPOLAR DISORDER [1]. HOWEVER, CBZ CAN PRODUCE SOME ADVERSE EFFECTS SUCH AS NEUROTOXICITY WHICH LEADS TO BLURRED VISION, DIZZINESS, IMPAIRED TASK PERFORMANCE, HYPERSENSITIVITY AND LEUKOPENIA [2]...

CHOCOLATE BROWN HT IS THE DISODIUM SALT OF 4, 4' - [(2, 4-DIHYDROXY-5- HYDROXYMETHYL) -M-PHENYLENE) BIS (AZO) ] DI-1- NAPHTHALENE-SULPHONIC ACID. IT IS PERMITTED FOR USE IN THE UK UNDER THE COLOURING MATTER IN FOOD REGULATIONS. ...

THE VSB-5 NANORODS WERE SYNTHESIZED BY CONVENTIONAL HEATING FOR 72 H IN THE PRESENCE OFTRIETHYLAMINE AS TEMPLATE.THEN, A NOVEL, CHEAP AND EFFICIENT CATALYST FOR ETHANOL ELECTROOXIDATION WAS DEVELOPED BY DECORATING NI2+IONS ON THE SURFACE OF MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE (CPE) WITH VSB-5 MOLECULAR SIEVES. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVE SURFACE AREA OF THE MODIFIED ELECTRODE (NI-VSB-5/CPE) WAS CALCULATED BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV). ALSO, THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE NI-VSB-5/CPE ELECTRODE TOWARDS THE ETHANOL OXIDATION WAS EVALUATED BY CV AS WELL AS CHRONOAMPEROMETRY METHODS. A SENSITIVE OXIDATION PEAK WAS OBSERVED AT 0.55 V IN 0.1 M NAOH SOLUTION FOR ELECTROCATALYTICOXIDATION OF ETHANOL WITH ECʹ MECHANISM. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT VSB-5 AT THE SURFACE OF CPE CAN IMPROVE CATALYTIC EFFICIENCY OF THE DISPERSED NICKEL IONS TOWARD OXIDATION OF ETHANOL. THE VALUES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, THE MEAN VALUE OF CATALYTIC RATE CONSTANT AND DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT FOR ETHANOL AND REDOX SITES WERE OBTAINED TO BE 0.657, 1.80×105 CM3 MOL-1 S-1 AND 3.62×10-4 CM2 S-1, RESPECTIVELY.