The exponential growth of remote sensing-based information in the last decade has provided unprecedented opportunities for MONITORING Earth's resources, including wetlands, which are among the most valuable ecosystems in existence. Knowing the changes in wetlands plays a crucial role in the quality of management in such areas. This study monitored the surface water levels in Iran and the changes in Iranian wetlands recorded under the Ramsar Convention over 37 years (1984-2021) using global surface water (GSW) remote sensing product images produced by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. The product data were integrated with the boundaries of the wetlands in a GIS environment, and the areas of existing water, lost water, and added water levels over 37 years were estimated for each province and wetland. The results showed that in Iran, there are 6285.86 km² of permanent water, 1860.29 km² of added permanent water, 3601.68 km² of lost permanent water, 3957.54 km² of seasonal water, 11,614.55 km² of new seasonal water, and 16,222.89 km² of lost seasonal water. The wetlands registered under the Ramsar Convention have a total of 430198 hectares of permanent water, 15077 hectares of new permanent water, 325955 hectares of lost permanent water, 167270 hectares of seasonal water, 486853 hectares of new seasonal water, and 628942 hectares of lost seasonal water.

Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a generalized epileptic syndrome. Age of onset is usually between 12 to 18 years. JME consists of myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) and typical absence attacks. EEG shows characteristic changes in JME. Long term video-electroencephalography MONITORING (VEM) is a helpful diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of patient with unclear history or EEG findings. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of VEM in diagnosis of refractory epileptic patients.Materials and Methods: This study is retrospective and descriptive on patients of Epilepsy MONITORING Unit of Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between March 2011 and March 2012. Telephone interview was scheduled 6-18 months after discharge to evaluate results of VEM on the frequency of seizures, the therapeutic regimes and patients’ quality of life.Results: 24 cases with diagnosis of JME were chosen among 250 patients who were admitted with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen of them were female. The average age of patients was 24 years old and the average duration of the seizure attacks was 12.97 years. The mean frequency of GTCs was 2.76 attacks per month and after VEM and proper treatment, it decreased to 0.27 attacks per month.Conclusion: VEM is a helpful diagnostic procedure for evaluating of refractory JME epileptic patients.

Many countries are seeking to develop a MONITORING and evaluation system to not only better understand their performance but also improve it. In Iran, the current structure of the science and technology MONITORING and evaluation system is fragmented and discrete, and each institution considers itself responsible for different parts of it. Solving much of the problems of MONITORING and evaluating the science and technology system depends on explaining the correct model of national labor division in this field. In this regard, it is necessary to define the area of responsibility and activity of the upstream, policymaking and executive institutions in the field of science and technology as well as their boundaries and interactions in a coherent system, to identify the relation of each institution and organization with the science, innovation, and technology system of the country, and to specify the level of their authority and functional scope. This study examines the actors and institutions related to science and technology assessment in Iran, their missions and actions, identifies the appropriate approaches to designing a statistical and information system, and suggests a systematic approach to MONITORING science and technology, taking into account the conditions of the country.

Background: Foreign body ingestion is a common occurrence in children and high risk groups of adults such as those with underlying esophageal disease, the mentally retarded, and those with psychiatric illnesses.Materials and methods: For this existing data type study all patients who had referred during a 4-year period (1993-96) to Loghman Hakim and Taleghani hospitals with the diagnosis of esophageal foreign BODIES were included.Results: The study population included 77 children and 123 adults (89 females and 111 males). Most of the affected subjects aged 2-6 years. The most frequently ingested objects were coins (45.5%), bones (meat, chicken, fish) (33%), vegetable objects (8.5%), dentures (5%) and other metal and non metal objects (8.5%). The most prominent complaints were dysphasia with pain (54.5%), dysphasia without pain (21%), pain without dysphasia (8%), no dysphasia or pain (16.5%). Radiographic studies revealed soft tissue in neck region and foreign BODIES in 84% of the cases. Rigid esophagoscopy was performed to remove the foreign BODIES, however, in 12% of cases complications including bleeding of hypopharynx and esophagus (3%), tearing of mucous membrane (8.5%), perforation of esophageal wall and mediastinitis (0.5%) did occur.Conclusion: Early detection of esophageal foreign BODIES is of utmost importance since their complications are serious and can be life-threatening.

Introduction Mapping and assessment of surface water dynamics is essential for continuous MONITORING of water resources as it has significant implications in engineering and scientific research for floodplain delineation, wetlands, disaster management, biodiversity, climate change, and water resource management (Huang et al., 2018,Jawak et al., 2015). Traditional surface water MONITORING methods mainly rely on field surveys or on established measuring stations. Although the accuracy of the data obtained by this method is high, it is time-consuming and has low efficiency. In addition, many aquifers are very difficult to access because they are located in remote and rugged places, and only data from limited points in incomplete time series are obtained due to the limitations of economic and land factors (Ogilvie et al., 2018). With the expansion and development of remote sensing science and geographic information system, better ways have been provided to monitor water BODIES in a long period such that the use of multispectral satellite images and different spectral indices for MONITORING water BODIES and floods is a fast and economical method in terms of time and cost. The high number of existing sensors and their differences in estimating the spectral and spatial characteristics of spectral indices have led to a good representation of the potential and limitations of satellite data. Therefore, in this research, to investigate the flood of 2019 in the southwest of Iran, the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and the Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from the Landsat 8 satellite images were used. Materials and Methods The study area is a part of the southwest of Iran, which includes the southern part of Ilam province and the northern, northwestern, western and southwestern parts of Khuzestan province. In this study, to investigate the flood of 2018-2019, Landsat 8 sensor images were used for three months of January, February and March in 2019. This section used QGis3. 28, GIS10. 8, Excel software and remote sensing data including satellite images related to Landsat 8 sensor. These multispectral data were obtained from the United States Geology website (earthexplorer. usgs. gov) and were prepared for preprocessing and necessary processing. To prepare a map of the flood area and vegetation, radiometric and atmospheric corrections were performed on the received images (Eskandari Damaneh et al., 2016). After applying the necessary pre-processing, the MNDWI and NDVI were used to prepare the map of changes in water BODIES and vegetation for the years 2018 and 2019, respectively (Rugel et al., 2017,Abutaleb et al., 2015,Arekhi et al., 2019). Results According to the results, the highest values of MNDWI in 2018 corresponded to those on March 12, which includes the northern and central parts. In 2019, the highest value of this index was on the date of March 19, which included the southern to southwestern parts of the study area. Examining the changes in MNDWI classes showed that in 2019, on February 2nd, 19th and March 7th, classes ranging from 0. 11 to 0. 15 occupied the highest level of the studied range, which is more than 68. 75 percent of the area. This range and its trend were increasing. On the other hand, on the mentioned dates, classes ranging from 0. 15 to 0. 2 covered an area of more than 24. 32% of the region, and these classes were decreasing. Accordingly, in 2019, on March 8th and May 14th, the largest percentage of the area under study was still in classes ranging from 0. 11 to 0. 15, and the total of these areas was more than 76. 13% of the region, which was decreasing. On these dates, classes ranging from 0. 15 to 0. 2 included more than 20. 03 percent of the study area, and these classes had gone through an increasing trend. Examining the changes of NDVI classes showed that in 2019, on February 2nd, 19th and March 7th, the largest percentage of the study area was taken by classes ranging from 0. 2 to 0. 3, which totaled 71. 81%, and was increasing. Also, on these dates, classes ranging from 0. 3 to 0. 5 included more than 11. 46% of the study area and these classes were decreasing. Also, in 2019, on March 8th and May 14th, the largest percentage of the study area was still taken by classes ranging from 0. 2 to 0. 3, and the total of these areas was more than 82. 54%, which was decreasing. Meanwhile, on these dates classes ranging from 0. 3 to 0. 5 included more than 11. 64% of the study area, and these classes had been increasing. Discussion and conclusion The trend of spatial and temporal changes of the MNDWI index in this period shows that in February and March of 2019, the highest value of this index was in the northern and central parts of the studied region. While the highest value of this index was in March and May of 2019, it has been seen in the southern and southwestern parts of Khuzestan province. While this precipitation is in the season when the vegetation in this area is in good condition, the classes above 0. 3 NDVI vegetation index in March 2018 and March 2019 are more than 42 and 38% of the area, respectively. Because the southern parts of Khuzestan province have lower altitudes than the northern and northwestern regions, it is plain and flat. This has caused it to serve as the foothills of the upper elevations of Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces, which in turn causes the influx of upstream waters into this region. Even if the vegetation cover is suitable in the season, it has caused a large and unexpected influx of water in these areas, which itself causes flooding of the residential regions, facilities and agricultural lands. In general, it can be concluded that by using the MNDWI and NDVI indices obtained from the Landsat satellite images, it is possible to monitor the water BODIES and waterlogged areas resulting from natural hazards such as floods, as well as the vegetation of different regions with high accuracy. The findings of this study can be used in studies and decision making with sufficient confidence.