The Merger of banks is one of the methods for reforming the structure of banks, which has attracted Iranian banking policymakers in recent years. In the process of merging, paying attention to its effects can help to integrate banks. In Iran's banking network, financing of production is one of the main concerns of banking policymakers. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of banks' integration on financing. In this paper, considering the importance of this issue, using the financial statements of banks in the period 2006-2018, and the Panel Data method, the effect of the Merger of banks on financing has been investigated. The static method has been used to integrate banks. For this reason, banks have been considered in terms of size and health. The results of the survey indicate that the Merger of small banks with large banks and the Merger of healthy banks, as compared to other options, have a more positive effect on the supply of facilities.

PURPOSE: Merger and acquisitions (M& A) widen access to higher education, improve quality of teaching and research, and increase efficiency of higher education institutions. Three big medical universities in Iran merged in 2010. The purpose of this study was to highlight the impact of this acquisition on the performance of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 60 participants from April 2015 to November 2015. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit participants. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA software (V.10).FINDINGS: The reasons for acquisition of IUMS by TUMS were to enhance the position of TUMS worldwide, and to increase its efficiency. The acquisition improved the organization and management of the newly formed TUMS, enhanced its academic position and market recognition. However, the achieved benefits did not come without shortcomings and unanticipated consequences.CONCLUSION: The Merger and acquisition in higher education has some advantages and disadvantages. A well planned and carefully implemented M& A gives cutting edge to the higher education institutes.

Banks play an important role in the country's economy and payment system. With the uptrend of the share of the private sector in the banking system, which does not have the support of the government in delivering its obligations, the risk of bankruptcy has also increased. Factors such as economic recession, inflation, and international sanctions would deteriorate the efficiency of the banking system and eventually result in bankruptcy. If one or more banks experience bankruptcy, it can lead to an economic crisis with significant social, political, and national security implications. One of the main solutions, which has been practiced to avoid bankruptcy during a financial crisis, is bank Merger. In this article, the positive effects and outcomes of bank Mergers have been studied. The Merger of banks is one of the most effective ways to rescue the distressed entity from economic collapse or bankruptcy. Benefits of merging banks include, but are not limited to, increased monetary power within the market due to expanded customer and deposit base, increased capital for the bank, and equity for the shareholders, synergy in lowering general and administrative expenses, overhead costs, savings in expensive infrastructure costs, increased productivity, tax efficiency, lower credit, and operational risks, and eventually higher returns on investments and assets.

Merger of state organizations is a kind of restructuring and an administrative reform strategy in Iran public sector which results in a new organization in the body of the government which has a great impact on organizational performances. The main concern of this research is the failure of merging of public sector organizations in Iran which requires its scientific review with managerial approach. This study aims at developing structural equation model for Merger in Iranian public sector. In other words, in this study, we tried to identify factors affecting the successful Merger of state organizations in Iran. Research methodology is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consists of 35 Merger organizations in Iranian public sector. A sample size of 32 organizations were selected using Morgan table, and data associated with the variables of Merger performance and factors influencing successful merging were gathered using a seven-point Likert scale survey questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling using PLS method confirmed that the merging of state organizations in Iran has not been successful so far. In addition, there are some factors affecting successful Merger of state organizations in Iran including “ trust making and fairness” , “ management of the differences” , “ conflict and ambiguity” , and “ knowledge management and integration” . The findings of this research can be implemented in policy making, and the proposed model is effective in promoting domestic knowledge in the field of Merger.

The key element in identifying infringements of literary and artistic works is to examine the extent of similarities between the works in question. But in the case of factual works that consist mainly of unprotected facts, the courts dealing with infringement cases of such works suggest that, given that the ways in which a factual idea can be expressed are limited, any subsequent expression of that idea may seem substantially similar to the words used by the first author to express the idea. In such cases, a special doctrine enters the analysis - the Merger of idea with expression. According to this doctrine, expression can not be protected when the idea can only be expressed in a certain way. The doctrine has a special connection to factual works; because there are limited ways to express facts that are not per se protected. This raises the fundamental question that considering this particular nature and the prominent role of Merger doctrine in excluding similarities, in what circumstances does the infringement of factual works take place? Due to the unclear status of Iranian law in this regard, the present study seeks to answer this question by using a descriptive-analytical method in examining the performance of judges in infringement cases of various instances of factual works and concludes that these works accept a different standard for infringement, as only a very close similarity, verging on the identical will constitute an infringement.

Over the past decade, US healthcare institutions have increasingly relied on diversification strategies to promote market growth and to improve financial solvency. The most prominent strategic method utilized during that period has been adding scale to organizations, thereby providing them with larger patient population to care for. Many organizations have deployed tactics like expanding their healthcare insurance product, collaborating with commercial insurance companies, and increasing service differentiation by improving customer service, brand identity, and reputation. While each of these maneuvers has benefits, healthcare institutions have primarily relied on Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity, which has become increasingly prevalent across the country. Caring for a larger patient population allows organizations to absorb a larger number of revenue “hits, ” expand opportunity for cost efficiency, improve service differentiation, allow for greater control of social determinants of health, and offer increased leverage against government or commercial payers. Healthcare M&A is vital for consistent care and financial viability. Consequently, there are important questions to contemplate: