The application of the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) coupled with Adaptive Mesh Refi nement (AMR) is considered to be one of the powerful tools for solving complex viscous incompressible ow problems. In this paper, the Kajishima-cut-cell IBM is combined with AMR to solve the ow of complex incompressible, viscous fluid, and rigid body problems. In the IBM, the solid and fluid motions at the interface are controlled by a body force that can be calculated with a fraction of solid volume. The objective is to develop an automatic adaptive Mesh refinement strategy to enhance the solution in proximity to the fluid-structure interface. This is necessary as the flow field might be significantly affected by the structure boundaries; therefore, it is essential to capture the boundary layers precisely. The capability of this method can be demonstrated through computational results to improve the ow resolution near the fluid structure. The proposed approach is validated using a 2D laminar ow numerical example. The approach is validated in terms of accuracy and performance. The combined IBM-Adaptive Mesh refinement approach showed a promising outcome for the investigated problem. The result of the implemented method achieved an acceptable error performance within a reasonably low computation time.

Pubmed is among the most known medical databases. It uses Mesh as a controlled vocabulary tool for facilitating the search process. Recently it has applied a second suggesting system (keywords and phrases) in this regard. Since information systems aim at retrieving the most relevant results, analyzing the efficiency of this new suggestion system and the old Mesh terms from users' point of view would be of importance in this regard. As an applied study, this survey has been conducted through distributing a questionnaire during search sessions of users. To this end, a sample of 40 specialists, in the field of medical sciences, was selected through a purposeful sampling method and the results were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. The results show that there is no significant difference between documents relevance when Pubmed suggestions or Mesh terms are used during each search session. According to the findings of this study both Pubmed suggestions and Mesh terms help the user with better understanding of the concept and they both broaden the terminology of users. At the same time both methods are efficient in relevancy of the retrieved documents.

Background & Aim: Aerobic activities and herbal supplements are used as a methods to control and reduce many diseases caused by oxidative stress, including lung diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and coriander seed supplementation on some indicators of oxidative stress and ATP levels in lung tissue of male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. Methods: 42 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: control, poisoning, poisoning+ 5 mg/kg coriander extract (supplement 1), poisoning+ 10 mg/kg coriander extract (supplement 2), poisoning + exercise, poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplement 1, Poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplement 2. Interventions included 8 weeks (5 training sessions per week) running on a treadmill for 60 minutes and injecting coriander seed extract at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg over two weeks. Tissue concentrations of ATP, MDA and PAB indices were evaluated using special kits and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0. 05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the concentration of ATP and significantly decreased the concentration of pulmonary PAB (P<0. 05),While it had no significant effect on MDA index (P> 0. 05). On the other hand, only 10 mg/kg of coriander extract caused a significant increase in ATP concentration and a significant decrease in PAB in lung tissue (P<0. 05). The interaction of aerobic exercise with doses of coriander seed extract also caused a significant increase in ATP concentration and a significant decrease in MDA and PAB concentration (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Despite the effect of interventions in modulating the effect of poisoning of some indicators, the greatest effect was observed during the interaction of aerobic exercise and high doses of coriander extract.

Introduction: Changes in gene expression and protein expression of the spinal-blood barrier play an important role in the transmission and development of neuro-inflammatory responses. In order to increase the knowledge related to the role of environmental interventions affecting the tight junction and adhesive proteins of this barrier, this study investigated the effect of four weeks of resistance training and date pollen/testosterone extract on gene expression and protein expression of occludin and cadherin in male rats. Methods: In an experimental design, 30 male Wistar rats randomly divided into 6 groups: Control,Resistance training,DPP extract,Testosterone,DPP extract+ resistance training,Testosterone+ resistance training. The amount of 100 mg/kg date pollen extract was fed to mice by gavage for 4 weeks. Also, synthetic testosterone with a dose of 2 mg/kg was used subcutaneously as a positive control. Resistance training consisted of a four-week increasing training period on a 50-step ladder with 8 to 12 repetitions per session. After the intervention, gene expression was measured by RT-PCR method and protein expression was measured by western blot method. Results: Four weeks of resistance training caused a significant increase in occludin gene expression (P=0. 010) and cadherin (P=0. 015),While it had no significant effect on the protein expression of occludin (P=0. 404) and cadherin (P=0. 647). Also, the gene expression level of two proteins increased significantly under the influence of date pollen extract and testosterone (P<0. 05). On the other hand, the protein synthesis rate of occludin (P=0. 016) and cadherin (P=0. 012) was increased only in the group receiving synthetic testosterone. Despite the fact that the highest level of gene expression of two proteins was observed when the interventions were combined simultaneously, there was no statistically significant difference between their synergistic effects (P=0. 059). However, the highest expression of occludin and cadherin protein occurred when resistance training was combined with testosterone supplementation (P<0. 05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that DPP extract is superior to other interventions for increasing the gene expression of occludin and cadherin proteins of the blood-spinal barrier and testosterone for increasing the expression of these proteins. The combination of these interventions with the double promotion of the signaling process of gene and protein expression will maintain the integrity and reduce the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier in healthy male animal samples.

This paper introduces a new method for accelerating current sluggish FEM and improving memory demand in FEM problems with high node resolution or bulky structures. Like most of the numerical methods, FEM results to a matrix equation which normally has huge dimension. Breaking the main matrix equation into several smaller size matrices, the solving procedure can be accelerated. For implementing this matter, the Meshing process should be changed. Here, a multi-step Meshing process is proposed which consists of both posterior and main levels. The posterior level is used for separating matrix equations from each other and the main level for field computation in the problem.The proposed approach is compatible with other optimizing method for increasing speed in FEM. Therefore, combining this method with other methods creates a powerful asset for solving complex FEM problems. The results show that the proposed method speeds up FEM and decreases the memory capacity. In addition, it brings the facility of parallel computation which is of great importance in fast computational algorithm.

In this paper, a method is proposed to improve the results of the standard finite element method. L2 norm is used to determine the nodal error. In the next step, the appropriate order of the interpolation cover is seclected to be proportional to the nodal error and the results are corrected. The error computation procedure and the use of covering enrichment functions will continue until the error reaches the specified value. Cover enrichment interpolation functions will consider the effects of the adjacent elements of each node, in addition to the values obtained from the standard interpolation for each element. Computation rules are programmed in the matlab program and considered for the same examples. Comparison of the results of the proposed method with the exact solutions and the results of the methods proposed by the other researchers in the field of linear elasticity indicates the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

Nowadays, numerical methods are known to be effective solutions to scientific problems. The most popular numerical methods include finite difference method, finite volume method, finite point method, and the finite element method. The standard finite element method may go through difficulty with highly-curved boundaries, and it lacks enough accuracy. In this method, another challenge is to generate finite element Mesh by proper numbers, types, and orders of elements. Aimed at decreasing the computational costs of discretization and increasing the solution accuracy, a suitable solution is of great importance in this method. This paper presents a method to improve the Meshes and accuracy of solutions regarding elasticity problems. In this paper, two techniques of h-refinement and h-enrichment are used by interpolation cover functions. Initially, regions exceeding the value of allowable error are detected. Mesh improvement is done through h-refinement for the elements existing in those regions. The total error of the domain is, thus, reduced and limited to the allowable range. To increase the accuracy of solutions to an excellent level, the results of Mesh refinement are reassessed in the next step, and the nodes exceeding the value of allowable error are determined. The method proposed here improves the region by interpolation cover functions and yields solutions of appropriate accuracy. The advantages of the proposed method include standard norm and its error determination, adaptive Mesh generation, its validation for many 2D elasticity problems with extreme complexity within their domains, and automatic performance in both steps of h-refinement and determining the order of cover enrichment functions. This method can considerably reduce the computational attempts and properly enhance the accuracy of analytical results. This paper attempts to use fewer elements at the beginning and, then, introduces an individual generated indicator to determine the order of cover enrichment functions. In fact, it aims to suggest a method for automatic refinement in 2D problems. A comparison of solutions achieved by the proposed method with those of other approaches as well as the exact solutions for linear elasticity examples implies acceptable efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

This study uses three turbulence model variations, i. e., S-A, k-ε, and k – ω turbulence models. In addition, there are two variations of cell shape and three variations of cell number. The number of cells is 500, 5000, 50000, and 100000. Verification is carried out in the Mesh refinement study and validated by aerodynamic performances. Based on the Mesh refinement study, quadrilateral cells with the k-ε are in the asymptotic convergence range. Based on the Cl, it can be concluded that the quadrilateral Mesh with 50000 and 100000 cells simulated using the k-ε turbulence model shows very low errors, namely 4. 1151% and 3. 8643%, respectively. It shows consistency based on the quadrilaterals Cd Mesh data with the k-ε and k-ω turbulence models. However, k-ε shows the lowest error with the number of cells 50000 and 100000, i. e., 127. 7682% and 110. 4175%, respectively. However, choosing Mesh 50000 cells are advisable because it only takes 23 minutes 48 seconds in computation, while Mesh 100000 cells take 1 hour 17 minutes 21 seconds. Only Cm from quadrilateral Mesh with the turbulence model k-ω shows consistency. An error of Mesh 50000 cells is 22. 0717%, and the error value for 100000 cells is 18. 1630%. By considering computation time, Mesh 50000 cells are preferable because it only takes 27 minutes 16 seconds, which is faster 43 minutes 14 seconds than 100000 cells.

Introduction: Considering the importance of using indexing tools such as thesauri and Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) in storage and retrieval of medical information, this study was performed with the aim to determine the compliance rate of keywords of articles published in an English-language journal Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Journal of Paramedical Sciences, with the Mesh.Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study using applied method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made checklist. In total, 1143 keywords extracted from 269 articles published in 24 issues of the journal; those keywords were compared with Mesh, and were classified in three groups: exact match, partial match and no match.Results: During the investigated years, on average, 277 keywords (24.2%) were exact matches, 409 keywords (35.8%) were partial matches, and the 457 keywords (40.0%) were not match with the terms contained in the Mesh. keywords in match or match with the entry term categories formed the largest portion of partial match keywords.Conclusion: The results show that the authors of this journal do not have sufficient knowledge on correct keyword selection with use of the Mesh, and it is necessary for them to be trained in the correct way. In addition, the editorial board of this English-language Iranian journal in the paramedical field should request authors to adjust their keywords based on the Mesh during article selection.

In this paper, a study is performed on the effect of irregularity of domain discretization on the performance of the CDLSM method for the solution of convection-dominated problems. The method is based on minimizing a least squares functional of the residuals of the governing differential equations and its boundary conditions over a set of collocation points. Four convection-dominated benchmark examples are solved using CDLSM method on three different sets of nodal distribution with different levels of irregularity and the results are presented. These experiments show that CDLSM method is capable of producing stable and accurate results for hyperbolic problems with shocked or high gradient solutions even on highly irregular Mesh of nodes. Mesh-less methods as alternative numerical approaches to eliminate the well-known drawbacks of Mesh-based methods have attracted much attention in the past decade due to their edibility and their potentiality in negating the need for the human-labor intensive process of constructing geometric Meshes in a domain. Exploiting this ability, however, requires that the method could solve the problem under consideration on unstructured distribution of nodes. This is particularly important when a refinement strategy is to be used to improve the performances of these methods.