Background and Objectives: Many advantages have been discussed for transnasal DCR ,the most important of them are lack of skin incision and scar, outpatient basis, decreased overall health care expense, quicker patient rehabilitation and patients' preference; In the procedures that making use of laser, bleeding is less. The aim of present study was to evaluate transnasal DCR with laser and Microscope. Materials and Methods: Formerly endoscope has been used for this procedure, but in our study 68 patients underwent 75 operations transnasally, by microscopic magnification. The site of lacrimal sac at lateral wall of nose was localized by the mean of transillumination through 22 gauge light probe. Nd:YAG and KTP 532 lasers were used for ablating the soft tissue and bone. After making fistula between lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa, silicone tubes were inserted in all patients. Results: In our experience, early removal of silicone tubes was associated with lower success rate. The success rate at 6 months postoperation was 89.3% and after 12months 74.6%. No significant intra and postoperative major complications, associated with this technique were recorded.Conclusions: An aesthetically reasonable result is achieved essentially in "UV sensitive" areas, thus appearing to be the appropriate places of choice for this treatment.

Raman spectroscopy as a partner to infrared spectroscopy is now a well developed technique for structural and analytical investigations. This article is concerned with recent developments in the technique of Raman spectroscopy, i.e., the Raman microprobe or Raman Microscope. This technique makes possible meaningful studies of small microscopic particles (about 1- mu m in diameter) and only a nano-liter of a liquid or even a picogram of a solid sample. Examples of Raman spectra of very small size samples of a wide range of materials such as biological systems, polymers, fibers, etc., are given and the results are interpreted on the basis of vibrational Raman spectroscopy. It is concluded that the Raman Microscope is a unique non-destructive method of microchemical analysis.

Background: Due to repeated cholera outbreaks in Iran and neighboring countries, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of phenotypes of Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of Vibrio cholera 01 and classic Vibrio cholera 01 biotypes.Materials and methods: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) were applied on 4 species, of Ogawa and Inaba serotypes and two classic serotypes of Vibrio cholera 01. Results: Membrane diameter of Eltor was wider as compared to classic biotype. Number of ribosomes, protein synthesis, length and number of flagella were quite more in comparison with classic biotype. Conclusion: According to our findings, genome of classic biotype is more compact.

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens that have the ability to form biofilms and cause disease in food products. Due to the fact that the enterotoxins produced by these two pathogens remain in a wide range of temperature, pH and saline conditions, they cause severe infections in humans. Melittin is a natural peptide derived from bee venom that can show its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential through disrupting the membrane of bacterial cells. For this purpose, in this study, the antimicrobial effect of this peptide on Gram positive and negative bacteria was investigated and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as 100 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL, respectively. Also, the scanning electron Microscope images confirmed the antimicrobial effect of the peptide on these two bacteria. Peptide melittin caused wrinkling, deformation and creation of holes in the cell membrane of treated bacteria, compared to the control sample. On the other hand, the results of the biofilm inhibition test showed that the addition of the peptide at a concentration of 2MIC completely prevented the biofilm formation of S. aureus prevented, while this value was equal to 91.00 ± 2.82 in E. coli bacteria. Also, the increase in peptide concentration caused an increase in the destruction of adult biofilms of both bacteria. On the other hand, this peptide decreased the invasion and adhesion of these two bacteria to HT-29 and Caco-2 cells by reducing the mobility of pathogens. Therefore, according to the obtained results, melittin peptide can be a suitable alternative to chemical disinfectants that are harmful to the environment.