The unbreakable bond between hadith and history paves the way for the efficiency of each in order to measure the other. In this regard, the explorations of the hadith and history scholars have included incompatible propositions in the drawing of Muawiyah’ s identity, the first Umayyad Caliphate. In the present study with the approach of social semiology, with emphasis on the process of meaning-making in the context of community and culture, the main question raised is in Imam Ali’ s letters to Muawiyah, regarding the set of linguistic and content symbols, what are the symbols to draw Muawiyah’ s personality used and based on this set of symbols, how can the religious and historical identity of Muawiyah be identified? From the authors’ point of view, the letters of Imam Ali (AS) have a very good capacity for studying social semiology and provide a clear and comprehensive reflection on the problems of Imam Ali’ s era. Imam Ali (AS) has analyzed Muawiyah’ s identity codes using social symbols in various aspects and provided the context of audience access to a clear picture of Muawiyah’ s identity by providing an identity representation system. The study indicates that the purposeful selections of Imam Ali (AS) in the letters of Nahj al-Balaqah provide a new reading of historical events according to religious, Arab culture and literary symbols and are considered as the reliable sources of measuring contradictory historical propositions.

.arguments is one of the pillars of deliberative studies,and it is a dialectical process in the discourse in which the sender seeks to convince the recipients of a certain idea, increase their conviction in it,or respond to a certain belief,supported by arguments and evidence for the purpose of understanding,which is an influential communicative process whose essence is an issue or an action,based on It is based on a set of philosophical, linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms.This article attempted to study the rhetorical argumments and explore its mechanisms in the correspondence between Amir al-Mu’minin and Muawiyah in the light of pragmatic linguistics, with the aim of revealing the rhetorical mechanisms in influencing and persuading the addressee.Therefore, I initially dealt with the concept of deliberativeness and pilgrims and the relationship between them and the rhetorical mechanisms of argumments.Then I dealt with reading the rhetorical argumentative mechanisms in correspondence after clarifying the general context in them.Among the results of the research are:The experience of Imam and Muawiyah in correspondence has deliberative features of the interaction between the sender and addressee.Each of them tries to provoke and consolidate the idea with the intention of convincing the other of the rhetorical mechanisms that they propose that have an effective effect in strengthening and influencing the argummentation.Imam seeks, through his argummens discourse,to make his addressee understand and guide him with guidance and suspense with a religious character, and Muawiyah to impress his addressee and show his superiority over him through satire and irony through violence and coercion.

Text linguistics is a new branch of linguistics that deals with the description and analysis of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative contexts and the role of participants (senders and receivers). Textuality is one of the important concepts in it which was first mentioned by De Beaugrande and Dressler in their book entitled "Introduction to Text Linguistics." They proposed seven features of textuality where coherence is considered one of the basic concepts and seven-dimensional in text linguistics and is the fundamental one, which linguistic scientists have paid special attention to. In fact, this is the coherence of the devices that contribute to the emergence of verbal and structural communication of the text. There are two main types of cohesion:1- Grammatical, 2-Lexical. Imam Ali (AS) wrote his letters to Muawiyah in the different circumstances, but they are not separate from each other i.e. there is a strong connection between them. For this reason, we studied those coherences and their aesthetics through a descriptive-analytical approach. For our study, we chose nine letters of Imam Ali (AS) to Muawiyah: 6-10-17-28-48-55-64-65-75. One of the outcomes we came across has been the recurrence in the lexical cohesion that had the highest rate in Imam’s letters to Muawiyah, as well as the reference in the grammatical cohesion section. We could see that the cohesive devices link the letters to each other, such as the esophoria that builds a network indicating the atmosphere of negotiations between the Imam and Muawiyah.

Muawiyah is a controversial personality in the history of Islam. According to certain sources, he is considered one of the companions having a significant role in Islamic conquests and propagation of religion of Islam. In some other sources, he is not regarded as a companion based on their special definition. Rather, his embracing Islam is quite questionable. Muawiyah as the head and founder of the Umayyads has played an outstanding role in the history of Islam. Therefore it is not possible to neglect his political activity and performance in the Islamic territory for a period of forty two years. The present article seeks to study the personality of Muawiyah in doctrinal as well as political aspects, and the quality of his interaction with the Sunnah of the holy Prophet from the perspective of a Sunni scholar-Ibn Abil Hadid. The significance of the views of Ibn Abli Hadid lies in the fact that he has been familiar with the theological thoughts of the early days of Islam, being also the first and foremost in his age in knowing history and mastering historical reports.

The main goal of this research is to compare the personality of Muawiyah (son of Abu Sufyan) based on historical data and the characteristics of hypocrites in the Holy Quran. Studying and examining historical reports, the authors in this research have tried to get a comprehensive picture of Muawiya's personality dimensions (cognitive, belief, tendency, moral and behavioral). This research has dealt with the conventional qualitative content analysis method of categorization and examination of relevant historical propositions. The results show that Muawiya, in the cognitive dimension, is plagued by ignorance, stupidity and misguidance; And in terms of belief, he was a denier of Islam, and in the field of orientation, he had a tendency towards God's enemies (polytheists and infidels) and supporting them was his main effort. His morals and corrupt behavior also tell the story of an infested field full of poisonous weeds, the result of which is confronting the manifestations of Islam and the Alawite religion. For this reason, his biography has a basic correspondence with the personality type of the hypocrites in the Qur'an. Knowing this kind of personality of hypocrites and opponents of the Islamic government can be a guide and opener for the rulers and officials of the Islamic system in facing similar incidents.

Imam Ali (AS) encounter during his rule the Muslim community with three companions Jamal, Qastyn and Khawarij in terms of intellectual creed and political demands The A confrontation of Imam Ali (as) with Mu'awiya and his companions according to the demands of your independence from the rule of Imam Ali (AS) is a kind of separatism. Given that part of the Nahj ul-Balagha is dedicated to the subject Muawiyah can inferred how to her deal with separatist According to confrontation Imam Ali (AS) with Muawiyah. Therefore this article is going to using the descriptive and analytical studying Method of Coping with separatism on the confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah. In this regard, the definition has separatism. Then The introduction of Mu'awiya and his companions, In then has cited Muawiyah proceedings against Imam in finally studying Method of confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah. Finally, coping strategies Imam Ali (AS) with they as cope with massive advertising, strong and clear reply to requests and pretext and insightful about it, Negotiate and correspondence and fight as a last resort analyzed.

Poisoning was common strategiy used for eliminating the political opposition which has been usual among different states. It could be so secretly and subtly done that the criminal would be unknown for long time. The first caliph, who utilized this method to remove his opponents, was Muawiyah. In this descriptive-analytic research through the present historical sources, we studied the methods and motivations of Muawiyah and how he chose the performers for eliminating his opponents by poisoning. The study affirms that Muawiyah used poisoning to eliminate some of his political opponents neither leaving any traces nor letting any reactions to arise. In order to implement his plans, Muawiyah considered their personal and financial incentives and tried to provide them with intelligent strategies to use the appropriate opportunities while committing the crime successfully.

Background and Aim: The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance. Methods: This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources. Ethical Considerations: The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process. Results: During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted. Conclusion: Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

Imam Hassan’ s speech on his peace with Muawiyah is one of the most credible documents that can be analyzed and investigated to go through the underlying causes of the peace and the rejection of Muawiyah’ s false claims on caliphate. Muawiyah started to oppose Imam Hassan’ s right to caliphate since the beginning of his imamate; he tried hard to isolate him by winning his companions over. Thus, he coerced Imam Hassan into accepting the peace. After signing the peace agreement, Muawiyah declared that Imam Hassan considered him worthy of caliphate and believed him to be the only competent person for this position. After this declaration from Muawiyah, Imam Hassan presented a sermon. A first look at the speech reveals that the introduction and the beginning have no consistency with Muawiah’ s false claims. So, the writers take a closer look and use a pragmatic approach to analyze the speech to examine its latent points and to relate the introduction and other sections of the speech with Muawiyah’ s claim. Using the evidence within and outside the text, the authors clarify the aforementioned vagueness, Imam’ s reason for presenting this speech, and the illocutionary act of the speaker. The results of the research demonstrate the reason for the choice of this kind of speech by Imam and his goal for addressing various topics in the speech. The context of the situation, the type of audience, and even the issue of opposition of most of Imam’ s close companions necessitated Imam’ s dealing with seemingly irrelevant topics such as the Prophet, his companions, and Ahl al-Bayt to alter his audience’ s point of view. There are even issues less relevant to Moawiyah’ s speech— such as Salawat, Khums, and Sadaqah— yet they all serve his ultimate goal as they enable him to indirectly convince the audience of his right to caliphate.

One of the ways to recognize person's viewpoint is to survey his attitudes toward massive figures. The researcher has studied Mowlawi's viewpoint concerning Muawiyah and compared it with the Qur' anic and Hadith Knowledge before. In this research, it has been tried to compare and measure this viewpoint with certain historical realities.At the end, he has attempted to analyze and criticize this point of view.