NAYBAND is a historical village in South Khorasan, which is located on the western edge of the desert. The adjacency of the village to the caravan route, its strategic position, and the existence of water resources and fertile lands have led to the formation of its texture. The harsh climatic conditions of the region and the existence of miscreants and bandits in the historical periods, while caused the establishment of castles and watchtowers, have given a tangled and compact structure to the region. The present study aims to identify the structure of the cultural landscape of NAYBAND, and its architectural patterns and housing typology. Moreover, the paper is concerned with the historical texts and travelogues that are about the village to analyze its physical structure and answer the following questions: What period does the history of living in the village go back to? In what evolutionary process did NAYBAND go through its formation process and why does the texture of the village have a compact structure, such as impenetrable castles? And what are the shaping paradigms of NAYBAND cultural landscape? The method of the present research is historical and desk studies, with an analytical-interpretive approach. It is concerned with the case study in the texture of the village and tries to identify the cultural paradigms that formed the landscape of NAYBAND through field studies and documentation of physical and nonphysical factors and comparing them. The results show that the composition of the natural factors including high mountains, green valleys and water springs, which are in contrast with the arid lands of the region, have created a unique ecosystem in this village. In addition to this, the artificial and man-made elements including agricultural landscapes (farms, citrus orchards and groves on the outskirts of the village), architectural works (handmade areas, castles, defense towers, unique residential patterns, passages and shelters) and special cultural and social structures have created an intertwined cultural and natural structure in the village. This is intertwined with a rich history of pre-Islamic times, biological customs, living traditions, historical and continuous land use with horticultural and agricultural patterns, extensive architectural structures and a special visual view of the Lut Desert. The village of NAYBAND is a valuable example of organic cultural landscapes and has constantly changed the desert settlements of the country.

iran has many historic cities and villages with economic, historic and cultural values facing with many seismic faults. There have been no comprehensive studies about reducing the vulnerability of the historic villages, and the available documents describe the retrofitting experiments only about the single buildings. Lack of a comprehensive look at the subject leads to the loss of the resources and carries out parallel and sometimes conflicting actions. NAYBAND, in the center of Iran, is a historic village near NAYBAND fault. Because of unique physical context, performing social, cultural and economic relations, follow up vernacular construction patterns and past earthquake evidences, this village is a proper case for conducting a seismic safety study to make use of defined process as a pattern to other historical contexts and villages that are exposed to earthquake. The first step in the seismic safety process is the identification of context structural vulnerabilities. seismic vulnerabilities can be achieved by different methods. Some of these methods have abilities such as large-scale covering and little time data processing. The appropriate method must be selected in according to evaluation objectives. In this research, a comparative study conducted for 19 vulnerability analysis methods, and finally based on data availability, large scale covering, low entry and data processing time and high reliability, FAMIVE method was chosen. This method which has high validity in the world can determine buildings vulnerabilities levels and major structural failure mechanisms in order to set them up later for retrofitting operations. Afterwards, based on factors include historical and artistic value of the building, usability of habitation after disaster, building type and structural evidence of past earthquakes, 39 facades belongs to 21 buildings were selected and their data were recorded to Excel forms. After processing forms using FAMIVE method, the following results were obtained: The anticipated failure mechanisms, The seismic vulnerability level of buildings and The Building resiliency in the face of different earthquakes. According to the results of the vulnerability analysis and a high level of risk faced by the village, the need for physical intervention and housing retrofit operation to protect the lives of residents and cultural heritage of the village was confirmed. Historical buildings in terms of structural systems, artistic value of its assets, and usability after disaster are differ. Also, newly constructed buildings or public buildings exist due to the presence of humans in them or having the potential to be service provider of post disaster, planners must consider them. By studying international experience and review their criteria, indicators recognized and given weight to identify priorities for retrofitting in this area were: kind of ownership, potential use after disaster, historical and artistic values, number of occupants, hours of occupancy, kind of building use and number of stories. Finally priorities identified through the GIS analysis in terms of four distinct building groups. Finally, considering the need to optimize the physical intervention level and output of previous steps, the anticipated seismic performance levels of buildings against earthquakes recommended.

The purpose of this study is to survey the ecological health of mangrove forest in NAYBAND bay by Shannon diversity index and determine the environmental factors effective in distribution of macrobenthic. 6 transects along coasts of NAYBAND bay were sampled for macrobenthos identification and enumeration. In each transect 3 stations were selected in perpendicular line to the beach. Physicochemical parameters such as Temperature, Salinity, Turbidity, Phosphate, Nitrate, Chlorophyll etc. were measured in addition to sediment grain size and TOM. Totally 60 macrobenthos species identified. Gastropods and Bivalves in Mollusca phylum were the dominant group with the contribution 48% of total macrobenthos population. Pirenella cingulata and Protapes gallus were the dominant species in Gastropods and Bivalves respectively. Maximum average total numbers of benthos were 5361. 56 and 5584. 78 individual/m2 in winter and summer respectively and minimum average number was 1957. 56 individual/m2 in spring. Parametric statistical tests showed significant difference between number and frequency of species in different seasons and station (p<0. 05). CCA analysis showed that salinity, turbidity and TOM are an effective factors in distribution of crustacean and bivalves. Phosphate, silt & clay and chlorophyll a have positive impact and sand present and temperature have negative impact on distribution of Gastropods. Temperature is important factor on density of polychaetes. Shannon diversity index showed that the studied area is moderate in terms of biological health.

The study area is located 50 km northeast of NAYBAND in the easternmost part of Yazd province. The area is a portion of the Tertiary volcanic-plutonic rocks in the west of the Lut block. The geology of the region includes latitic to trachyandesitic lavas, which are intruded by subvolcanic rocks with monzonitic, syenitic and granitic compositions. The texture of all the intrusive rocks is porphyric to glomeroporphic. Plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and quartz are the main minerals of biotite quartz monzonite porphyry, biotite syenite porphyry and biotite granite porphyry. Clinopyroxene, besides these minerals is present in biotite-pyroxene monzonite porphyry. Based on geochemical studies, the biotite-pyroxene monzonite porphyry shows metaluminous and shoshonitic nature. This rock belongs to the magnetite series (oxidized) granitoid and is allocated to I-type. The relative enrichment of LREE versus HREE and enrichment of LILE and HFSE impoverishment indicate magma formed in subduction zone. The magma exhibits low degree of partial melting (>0.1 to <3) from a garnet-spinel lherzolite source, which is contaminated by continental crust. The biotite granite porphyry is peraluminous and ultrapotassic. The rock belongs to ilmenite series (reduced) granitoid and is related to S-type. Based on Nb, Yb, Rb, Y and Ta contents, the magma formed in syn-collisional tectonic setting. The granitic magma is generated by partial melting of continental crust and clay-poor sediments source. The relative enrichment of LREE and depletion of HREE, highly negative Eu anomaly and low ratios of (La/Yb) N and (Ce/Yb) N can be attributed to the presence of residual plagioclase in the source area. The intrusion of this rock into the monzonitic unit indicates a collision occurred after the Eocene in the west of Lut block in which access to accurate geochronological and radiogenic isotopes data is required.

This study includes a thorough systematic analysis of the ichnological record in the Late Triassic siliciclastic NAYBAND Formation of the Tabas Block, Central Iran. A total of 48 ichnospecies representing 28 ichnogenera are identified and their preservation aspects, paleoecological aspects, producers and behavioral aspects are discussed. The ichnofauna includes Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Cylindrichnus, Diplocraterion, Helminthopsis, Gordia, Gyrochorte, Lockeia, Macaronichnus, Monocraterion, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Paleodictyon, Phycodes, Phycosiphon, Planolites, Protovirgularia, Rhizocorallium, Rosselia, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, and Thalassinoides. The high ichnodiversity and bioturbation intensity of the NAYBAND trace fossil suite seem to represent proliferation of epifaunal and infaunal habits, experiencing a high diversification of marine communities after the drastic reorganization of marine ecosystems during the Late Triassic. Further studies focused on the ichnological signatures of these deposits will provide more detailed information to improve the current paleoecologic and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the NAYBAND Formation deposits.

The NAYBAND Formation in Central Iran, has a very a very good extension with different sedimentary environments. By Systematic study of the NAYBAND Formation in the type section at North of NAYBAND village and 11 other sections in Central IRAN (ALI ABAD, PARVADEH, KOH-E-TIZI, BOLBOLO-E-IEH, MARAVAND, BAGHAR ABAD-EMAHALLAT, SALLAKH, CHASHMEH SOUR, MOUR-CHEH-KHORT & CHAL SEFIDE KASHAN )10 sedimentary environments has been proposed.The lower contacts of the NAYBAND Formation is usually on the Shotori Formation, with a disconformities in between and The upper contact gradually changes to Shemshak Formation, and in some areas the differentiation between the Two Formations is very difficult, So they are collectively called Shemshak group.The Cimmerian orogenesis activities and uplifting of different basin parts, has made the sedimentary environments of the NAYBAND Formation very versatile, which consist of: Gelkan member is mainly in on stormy environment ( Sedimentary environment 2), Hoze-e-Shiekh member is mainly in a lowenergy environment (S.E.1), Bidestan member is mainly composed of abundant deltoid channels (S.E.4), Hoze-e-Khan member is mainly composed of reefal sedimentations (S.E.8) and Ghadir member is formed in laons.

Introduction: The thickness of Bidestan member in NAYBAND Formation type section has been measured equal to 636.7 meters. It's contact (Norian) with Gelkan member (Lower Norian) has the same slope, and usually is determined by a one meter thick layer of gray Oolitic sandy limestone, with dark gray fresh broken surface.Aim: NAYBAND Formation usually shows a submarine, and continental facies, in this member which is indicative of NAYBAND formation sedimentary basin deepening in Norian stage.Material and Method: In systematic studies accomplished on 350 thin sections from Bidestan member.Results: In this paper we obtain 78 Species and Genus of Foraminifera, 27 Species and Genus of Bivalves and 3 Species and Genus of Gastropoda where recognized, and their periodic development in NAYBAND Formation were exactly determined.Conclusion: This paper considered our findings are compatible with Norian to Upper Norian age for this member.

Mangrove forests have an important role in carbon dioxide stabilization and modification of increasing greenhouse gases and the human effects of global warming. The main purpose of this study is to eliminate the information gap of carbon storage in the mangrove forests of Bushehr province. In this study, the total carbon storage and the top 1 m, and total soil depth of soil as well as the carbon stored in mangrove trees in the mangrove forest of Bushehr Province (NAYBAND and Melgonze) were evaluated. The amount of sediment carbon in sediment cores and the diameter of breast height and height of trees were measured in 12 stations in the area. Satellite imagery showed that the area of the NAYBAND and Melgonze mangrove forests is 141 and 14 ha, respectively, 73% of which is high-density forest. The results showed that the average carbon content of the top 1m of NAYBAND and Melgonze mangrove forests is 158 and 190 tons per hectare (t ha-1) respectively, which is within the range of the global average in arid mangroves. The amount of carbon in the top 1m of Bushehr mangrove soil was estimated at 25000 tons, 89% of which is sequestered in NAYBAND mangroves. Soil and mangrove trees in the area have sequestered 59500 tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 218 tonnes of CO2) 28500 tonnes of which is stored in soil and the rest (31000 tonnes) is sequestered by mangrove trees. Estimates show that if the mangrove forests of the area are completely deforested, more than 155000 tons of carbon dioxide will re-mineralize into the atmosphere. Evaluating the carbon content of the total soil depth enabled us to estimate the total carbon content of mangrove habitats in Bushehr province for the first time.

Identification of zooplankton groups and their abundance was conduvted in 5 designated transects along 130 mile between NAYBAND Bay and Qeshm island from spring 2011 to winter 2012. Sampling was done by pulling Bongo net of 110 micrometer mesh size obliquely from near the sea bed to the surface. Parameters such as salinity, temperature and oxygen were also recorded. Totally, the most dominant group was Copepoda with relative density of 44%, followed by Protozoa 24% and Mollusca 17%, respectively. Maximum zooplankton density was observed in winter (average 3272.1±1927), while minimum density was in spring (average 861.3 ±285.3). No significant difference was found among seasons. The peak abundance was observed in winter.